Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

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Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3 · Cited by 27,263

Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

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Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

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COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

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Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

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Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

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Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994 · Cited by 8,249

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hú, Z., Zhong, W., & Xiao, G. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 · Cited by 6,994

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

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Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19

Varga, Z., Flammer, A. J., Steiger, P., Haberecker, M., Andermatt, R., Zinkernagel, A. S., Mehra, M. R., Schuepbach, R. A., Ruschitzka, F., & Moch, H. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5 · Cited by 6,358

Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

Tang, N., Li, D., Wang, X., & Sun, Z. (2020) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.14768 · Cited by 5,770

A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19

Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., Ruan, L., Song, B., Cai, Y., Wei, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001282 · Cited by 5,258

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

Qin, C., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Tao, Y., Xie, C., Ma, K., Shang, K., Wang, W., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248 · Cited by 4,775

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

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A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

Gordon, D. E., Jang, G. M., Bouhaddou, M., Xu, J., Obernier, K., White, K. M., O’Meara, M. J., Rezelj, V. V., Guo, J. Z., Swaney, D. L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9 · Cited by 4,405

Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

Shi, S., Qin, M., Shen, B., Cai, Y., Liu, T., Yang, F., Gong, W., Liu, X., Liang, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 · Cited by 4,349

Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus

Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00127-20 · Cited by 4,341

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., Sachs, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026 · Cited by 4,222

SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

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Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial

Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, G., Du, R., Zhao, J., Jin, Y., Fu, S., Gao, L., Cheng, Z., Lu, Q., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31022-9 · Cited by 3,442

Systematic review and critical appraisal of prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 infection

Wynants, L., Van Calster, B., Bonten, M. M., Collins, G. S., Debray, T. P., De Vos, M., Haller, M. C., Heinze, G., Moons, K. G., Riley, R. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.20041020 · Cited by 3,070

Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study

To, K. K., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Leung, W.-S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T.-C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C., Cai, J., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1 · Cited by 3,045

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

Hadjadj, J., Yatim, N., Barnabei, L., Corneau, A., Boussier, J., Smith, N., Péré, H., Charbit, B., Bondet, V., Chenevier-Gobeaux, C., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc6027 · Cited by 2,984

Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19

Grein, J. D., Ohmagari, N., Shin, D., Diaz, G., Asperges, E., Castagna, A., Feldt, T., Green, G., Green, M. L., Lescure, F.-X., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2007016 · Cited by 2,739

In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Yao, X., Ye, F., Zhang, M., Cui, C., Huang, B., Niu, P., Liu, X., Zhao, L. Y., Dong, E., Song, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237 · Cited by 2,696

Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab

Xu, X., Han, M., Li, T., Sun, W., Wang, D., Fu, B., Zhou, Y., Zheng, X., Yang, Y., Li, X., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2005615117 · Cited by 2,670

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Liao, M., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wen, Y., Xu, G., Zhao, J., Cheng, L., Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9 · Cited by 2,614

Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Zhao, J., Yuan, Q., Wang, H., Liu, W., Liao, X., Su, Y., Wang, X., Yuan, J., Li, T., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa344 · Cited by 2,607

An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival

Del Valle, D. M., Kim-Schulze, S., Huang, H.-H., Beckmann, N. D., Nirenberg, S., Wang, B., Lavin, Y., Swartz, T. H., Madduri, D., Stock, A., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9 · Cited by 2,605

Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Diao, B., Wang, C., Tan, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Ning, L., Chen, L., Li, M., Liu, Y., Wang, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827 · Cited by 2,475

Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6019 · Cited by 2,392

Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma

Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., Wang, F., Li, D., Yang, M., Xing, L., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783 · Cited by 2,298

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues

Ziegler, C. G. K., Allon, S. J., Nyquist, S. K., Mbano, I. M., Miao, V. N., Tzouanas, C. N., Cao, Y., Yousif, A. S., Bals, J., Hauser, B. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035 · Cited by 2,284

HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C

Braud, V. M., Allan, D., O'Callaghan, C. A., Söderström, K., D’Andrea, A., Ogg, G. S., Lazetic, S., Young, N. T., Bell, J. I., Phillips, J. H., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35869 · Cited by 2,226

Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On

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Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro

Liu, J., Cao, R., Xu, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Hu, H., Li, Y., Hú, Z., Zhong, W., & Wang, M. (2020) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0 · Cited by 2,091

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J., Netea, M. G., Rovina, N., Akinosoglou, K., Antoniadou, A., Antonakos, N., Damoraki, G., Gkavogianni, T., Adami, M.-E., Katsaounou, P., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.009 · Cited by 2,045

The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

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Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted

Fauci, A. S., Lane, H. C., & Redfield, R. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2002387 · Cited by 1,983

Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients

Duan, K., Liu, B., Li, C., Zhang, H., Yu, T., Qu, J., Zhou, M., Chen, L., Meng, S., Hu, Y., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004168117 · Cited by 1,968

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19

Moore, J. B., & June, C. H. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb8925 · Cited by 1,912

Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread

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A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans

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Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

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Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV

Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. M., Leist, S. R., Schäfer, A., Won, J. J., Brown, A. J., Montgomery, S. A., Hogg, A., Babusis, D. M., Clarke, M. O., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6 · Cited by 1,757

Hematological findings and complications of COVID ‐19

Terpos, E., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Elalamy, I., Kastritis, E., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Politou, M., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Gerotziafas, G., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2020) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.25829 · Cited by 1,754

Structural and functional analysis of a potent sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody

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Longitudinal Characteristics of Lymphocyte Responses and Cytokine Profiles in the Peripheral Blood of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients

Liu, J., Li, S., Liu, J., Liang, B., Wang, X., Wang, H., Li, W., Tong, Q., Yi, J., Zhao, L., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763 · Cited by 1,726

Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study

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Disease Tolerance as a Defense Strategy

Medzhitov, R., Schneider, D. S., & Soares, M. P. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1214935 · Cited by 1,718

The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

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Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

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Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings

Chu, C. (2004) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658 · Cited by 1,637

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients

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COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy

Cao, X. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3 · Cited by 1,609

Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses

Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. M., Graham, R. L., Menachery, V. D., Gralinski, L. E., Case, J. B., Leist, S. R., Pyrć, K., Feng, J. Y., Trantcheva, I., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653 · Cited by 1,575

Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease

Dai, W., Zhang, B., Jiang, X.-M., Su, H., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xie, X., Jin, Z., Peng, J., Liu, F., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb4489 · Cited by 1,517

Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps

Barnes, B. J., Adrover, J. M., Baxter-Stoltzfus, A., Borczuk, A., Cools-Lartigue, J., Crawford, J. M., Daßler-Plenker, J., Guerci, P., Huynh, C., Knight, J. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20200652 · Cited by 1,486

Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine:implications for rheumatology

Schrezenmeier, E., & Dörner, T. (2020) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x · Cited by 1,468

Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2

Gao, Q., Bao, L., Mao, H., Wang, L., Xu, K., Yang, M., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, N., Lv, Z., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc1932 · Cited by 1,434

A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Yuan, M., Wu, N. C., Zhu, X., Lee, C.-C. D., So, R. T. Y., Lv, H., Mok, C. K. P., & Wilson, I. A. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb7269 · Cited by 1,429

Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease

Agostini, M. L., Andres, E. L., Sims, A. M., Graham, R. L., Sheahan, T. P., Lu, X., Smith, E. C., Case, J. B., Feng, J. Y., Jordan, R., et al. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00221-18 · Cited by 1,418

Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice

Channappanavar, R., Fehr, A. R., Vijay, R., Mack, M., Zhao, J., Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S. M. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.007 · Cited by 1,400

SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19

Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310

Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients

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From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight

Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yü, P., Qu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, W., Han, Y., & Qin, C. (2019) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v11010059 · Cited by 1,292

Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus

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Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases

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Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome

Wong, C. K., LAM, C. W. K., Wu, A. K. L., Ip, W., Lee, N. L. S., Chan, I., Lit, L. C. W., Hui, D. S. C., Chan, M. H. M., CHUNG, S. S. C., et al. (2004) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x · Cited by 1,270

The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system

Nikolich-Žugich, J. (2018) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-017-0006-x · Cited by 1,240

Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody

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CD69 acts downstream of interferon-α/β to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs

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Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

Herold, T., Jurinovic, V., Arnreich, C., Lipworth, B. J., Hellmuth, J. C., von Bergwelt-Baildon, M., Klein, M., & Weinberger, T. (2020) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008 · Cited by 1,161

Characteristics of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subset Alteration in COVID-19 Pneumonia

Wang, F., Nie, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Q., Xiong, Y., Deng, L., Song, S., Ma, Z., Mo, P., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa150 · Cited by 1,149

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies

Ahmed, S. F., Quadeer, A. A., & McKay, M. R. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12030254 · Cited by 1,128

The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice

Bao, L., Deng, W., Huang, B., Gao, H., Liu, J., Ren, L., Wei, Q., Yu, P., Xu, Y., Qi, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2312-y · Cited by 1,126

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

Amanat, F., & Krammer, F. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.007 · Cited by 1,120

Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection

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Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage

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