The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Bayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823
Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Wechsler, D. (1955) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 4,941
Multiple intelligences: the theory in practice
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-1214 · Cited by 3,788
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,394
Handbook of Educational Psychology
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203053874 · Cited by 3,212
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 · Cited by 2,868
Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment.
Cattell, R. B. (1963) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046743 · Cited by 2,536
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Halpern, D. F. (2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605290 · Cited by 1,970
Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action
Jensen, A. R., & Cattell, R. B. (1974) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422024 · Cited by 1,866
Cited by
McGrew, K. S. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.004 · Cited by 1,354
The neuroscience of human intelligence differences
Deary, I. J., Penke, L., & Johnson, W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2793 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citationWhy IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders
DENNIS, M., FRANCIS, D. J., CIRINO, P. T., SCHACHAR, R., BARNES, M. A., & FLETCHER, J. M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090481 · Cited by 875
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2008) · The Innate Mind, Volume 3 · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019 · Cited by 650
Kaufman, S. B., Quilty, L. C., Grazioplene, R. G., Hirsh, J. B., Gray, J. R., Peterson, J. B., & DeYoung, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12156 · Cited by 623
Metadata
- Authors
- JOHNSON, W., & BOUCHARDJR, T.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 393-416
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056090126
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 74
- FWCI
- 29.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.002
- The paper
- JOHNSON, W., & BOUCHARDJR, T. (2005). The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized. Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.12.002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.