A systematic review on semantic interoperability in the IoE-enabled smart cities
Open accessAbstract
Smart cities have emerged as a result of smart interconnections of people, processes, data, and things, representing an excellent case study of the Internet of Everything (IoE) paradigm. One of the main challenges in realizing the smart city vision is how to provide seamless interoperability between the IoE entities. In this paper we conduct a systematic literature review on the use of semantic technologies to support interoperability between IoE entities in smart cities, with the goal of identifying the main trends and challenges in adopting semantic interoperability solutions for sustainable, green, and resilient smart cities. To this end, we have extracted data from selected primary studies over the last decade that address semantic interoperability issues in smart cities through related technologies and techniques such as ontologies, linked open data, knowledge graphs, ontology alignment/matching methods, and automated reasoning mechanisms. We have analyzed the maturity of this research area by exploring three research questions that focus on: i) the importance of semantic interoperability in the smart city domain; ii) the identification of semantic technologies and tools applied in the smart city domain to promote semantic interoperability; and iii) the identification of smart city application areas where semantic technologies are used to efficiently deliver smart services. The analysis provided research insights, including the introduction of a new evaluation framework that assesses semantic interoperability solutions on four maturity levels. The framework includes specific evaluation criteria for attributes such as modeling, scalability, and availability. Finally, an elaborated list of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats of semantic interoperability solutions in smart cities is provided, along with a discussion of open challenges and future work in this domain.
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The application of semantic technology in smart city innovations confirms its suitability for dealing with interoperability issues and the modelling/annotation of sensor readings.
“Furthermore, the outstanding success of the application of semantic technology in the context of smart city innovations confirms its suitability for dealing with interoperability issues [23][24][25] and the modelling/annotation [26,27] of sensor readings.”
From Semantic-Driven Approach for Validation of IoT Streaming Data in Trustable Smart City Decision-Making and Monitoring Systems (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Open Data
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Gyrard, A. S. (n.d.) · Graduate School and Research Center in Digital Science (EURECOM) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
OntoPhil - Exploitation of Binding Points for Ontology Matching
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Large knowledge collider: a service-oriented platform for large-scale semantic reasoning
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Bamgboye, O., Liu, X., Cruickshank, P., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc9040108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the outstanding success of the application of semantic technology in the context of smart city innovations confirms its suitability for dealing with interoperability issues [23–25] and the modelling/annotation [26,27] of sensor readings.”
- Authors
- Pliatsios, A., Kotis, K., & Goumopoulos, C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Aegean (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Goumopoulos, Christos
- Venue
- Internet of Things
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 22
- Pages
- 100754
- ISSN
- 2542-6605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4327560053
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 21
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Internet of Things (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund (MIS 5046494)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Semantic Web and Ontologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Innovation in Digital Healthcare Systems
- Keywords
- semantic interoperability, smart cities, Internet of Everything, semantic technologies, ontology (information science), Linked Open Data, knowledge graphs, ontology mapping, automated reasoning, evaluation framework, smart services
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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