Cited by 35T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesImmune responses and vaccinations

Memory CD8(+) T Cells: Innate-Like Sensors and Orchestrators of Protection

Open access
Lauvau, Grégoire, Boutet, Marie, Williams, Tere M., Chin, Shu Shien, Chorro, Laurent·2016·Trends in Immunology

Abstract

Recent findings have revealed roles for systemic and mucosa-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in the orchestration of innate immune responses critical to host defense upon microbial infection. Here we integrate these findings into the current understanding of the molecular and cellular signals controlling memory CD8(+) T cell reactivation and the mechanisms by which these cells mediate effective protection in vivo. The picture that emerges presents memory CD8(+) T cells as early sensors of danger signals, mediating protective immunity both through licensing of cellular effectors of the innate immune system and via the canonical functions associated with memory T cells. We discuss implications for the development of T cell vaccines and therapies and highlight important areas in need of further investigation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.001

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • All skin-resident T cells are pre-activated T cells with effector/memory-like phenotypes, which could be activated in an innate fashion by alterations of molecular cues of the local tissue they reside in.

    “All skin-resident T cells are pre-activated T cells with effector/memory-like phenotypes, which could be activated in an innate fashion by alterations of molecular cues of the local tissue they reside in.26,27,28,29,30,31,32”

    From Skin-resident T cells play an important role in controlling skin colonization of Candidozyma (Candida) auris (2026) · cites this paper as [29]

    The Introduction identifies tissue-resident memory T cells as a memory CD8+ subset, and the ‘Sentinel cells’ section says inflammatory signals can reactivate memory CD8+ T cells without cognate antigen. But that section says circulating memory CD8+ cells mostly respond to those signals, while whether tissue-resident memory cells can respond to inflammatory cues alone remains unknown. The paper does not establish that all skin-resident T cells are pre-activated or have effector/memory-like phenotypes. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 79

  1. [1]Cui W Kaech SM Generation of effector CD8+ T cells and their conversion to memory T cells Immunol Rev 2010 236 151 66 20636815 PMC4380273
  2. [3]Shin H Iwasaki A Tissue-resident memory T cells Immunol Rev 2013 255 1 165 81 23947354 PMC3748618
  3. [4]Carbone FR Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and Fixed Immune Surveillance in Nonlymphoid Organs J Immunol 2015 195 1 17 22 26092813
  4. [5]Wherry EJ T cell exhaustion Nat Immunol 2011 12 6 492 9 21739672
  5. [6]Wherry EJ Kurachi M Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion Nat Rev Immunol 2015 15 8 486 99 26205583 PMC4889009
  6. [7]O’Hara GA Memory T cell inflation: understanding cause and effect Trends Immunol 2012 33 2 84 90 22222196
  7. [8]Chang JT Wherry EJ Goldrath AW Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation Nat Immunol 2014 15 12 1104 15 25396352 PMC4386685
  8. [9]Haring JS V Badovinac P Harty JT Inflaming the CD8+ T cell response Immunity 2006 25 1 19 29 16860754
  9. [10]Williams MA Bevan MJ Effector and memory CTL differentiation Annu Rev Immunol 2007 25 171 92 17129182
  10. [11]Sallusto F Mackay CR Lanzavecchia A The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses Annu Rev Immunol 2000 18 593 620 10837070
  11. [12]Harty JT Tvinnereim AR White DW CD8+ T cell effector mechanisms in resistance to infection Annu Rev Immunol 2000 18 275 308 10837060
  12. [13]Zhang X Potent and selective stimulation of memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells in vivo by IL-15 Immunity 1998 8 5 591 9 9620680
  13. [14]Tough DF Borrow P Sprent J Induction of bystander T cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo Science 1996 272 5270 1947 50 8658169
  14. [15]Berg RE Memory CD8+ T cells provide innate immune protection against Listeria monocytogenes in the absence of cognate antigen J Exp Med 2003 198 10 1583 93 14623912 PMC1592647
  15. [16]Kupz A NLRC4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory CD8(+) T cells Nat Immunol 2012 22231517
  16. [17]Soudja SM Inflammatory Monocytes Activate Memory CD8(+) T and Innate NK Lymphocytes Independent of Cognate Antigen during Microbial Pathogen Invasion Immunity 2012 37 3 549 62 22940097 PMC3456987
  17. [18]Raue HP Cytokine-mediated programmed proliferation of virus-specific CD8(+) memory T cells Immunity 2013 38 1 131 9 23260193 PMC3557534
  18. [19]Ruiz AL NK1.1+ CD8+ T cells escape TGF-beta control and contribute to early microbial pathogen response Nat Commun 2014 5 5150 25284210 PMC4836950
  19. [20]Kohlmeier JE Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge Immunity 2010 33 1 96 105 20637658 PMC2908370
  20. [21]Hofmann M Pircher H E-cadherin promotes accumulation of a unique memory CD8 T-cell population in murine salivary glands Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 108 40 16741 6 21930933 PMC3189029
  21. [22]Soudja SM Memory-T-Cell-Derived Interferon-gamma Instructs Potent Innate Cell Activation for Protective Immunity Immunity 2014 40 6 974 88 24931122 PMC4105986
  22. [23]Schenkel JM T cell memory. Resident memory CD8 T cells trigger protective innate and adaptive immune responses Science 2014 346 6205 98 101 25170049 PMC4449618
  23. [24]Schenkel JM Sensing and alarm function of resident memory CD8(+) T cells Nat Immunol 2013 14 5 509 13 23542740 PMC3631432
  24. [25]Richer MJ Inflammatory IL-15 is required for optimal memory T cell responses J Clin Invest 2015 125 9 3477 90 26241055 PMC4588296
  25. [26]Barton ES Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection Nature 2007 447 7142 326 9 17507983
  26. [27]Slutter B Lung airway-surveilling CXCR3(hi) memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for protection against influenza A virus Immunity 2013 39 5 939 48 24238342 PMC3872058
  27. [28]Snyder CM Memory inflation during chronic viral infection is maintained by continuous production of short-lived, functional T cells Immunity 2008 29 4 650 9 18957267 PMC2583440
  28. [29]Karrer U Memory inflation: continuous accumulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells over time J Immunol 2003 170 4 2022 9 12574372
  29. [30]Smith CJ Murine CMV Infection Induces the Continuous Production of Mucosal Resident T Cells Cell Rep 2015 13 6 1137 48 26526996 PMC4648370
  30. [31]Thom JT The Salivary Gland Acts as a Sink for Tissue-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells, Facilitating Protection from Local Cytomegalovirus Infection Cell Rep 2015 13 6 1125 36 26526997
  31. [32]Guarda G L-selectin-negative CCR7- effector and memory CD8+ T cells enter reactive lymph nodes and kill dendritic cells Nat Immunol 2007 8 7 743 52 17529983
  32. [33]Kohlmeier JE The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a key role in the early memory CD8+ T cell response to respiratory virus infections Immunity 2008 29 1 101 13 18617426 PMC2519120
  33. [34]Ely KH Nonspecific recruitment of memory CD8+ T cells to the lung airways during respiratory virus infections J Immunol 2003 170 3 1423 9 12538703
  34. [35]Nolz JC Starbeck-Miller GR Harty JT Naive, effector and memory CD8 T-cell trafficking: parallels and distinctions Immunotherapy 2011 3 10 1223 33 21995573 PMC3214994
  35. [36]Nolz JC Harty JT IL-15 regulates memory CD8+ T cell O-glycan synthesis and affects trafficking J Clin Invest 2014 124 3 1013 26 24509081 PMC3934158
  36. [37]Alexandre YO XCR1+ dendritic cells promote memory CD8+ T cell recall upon secondary infections with Listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses J Exp Med 2015 PMC4710197 26694969
  37. [38]Bajenoff M Visualizing early splenic memory CD8+ T cells reactivation against intracellular bacteria in the mouse PLoS One 2010 5 7 e11524 20634957 PMC2902518
  38. [39]Aoshi T The cellular niche of Listeria monocytogenes infection changes rapidly in the spleen Eur J Immunol 2009 39 2 417 25 19130474 PMC2749683
  39. [40]Muraille E Distinct in vivo dendritic cell activation by live versus killed Listeria monocytogenes Eur J Immunol 2005 35 5 1463 71 15816001
  40. [41]Neuenhahn M CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are required for efficient entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the spleen Immunity 2006 25 4 619 30 17027298
  41. [42]Edelson BT CD8alpha(+) Dendritic Cells Are an Obligate Cellular Entry Point for Productive Infection by Listeria monocytogenes Immunity 2011 35 2 236 48 21867927 PMC3172670
  42. [43]Sung JH Chemokine guidance of central memory T cells is critical for antiviral recall responses in lymph nodes Cell 2012 150 6 1249 63 22980984 PMC3445043
  43. [44]Kastenmuller W Peripheral Prepositioning and Local CXCL9 Chemokine-Mediated Guidance Orchestrate Rapid Memory CD8(+) T Cell Responses in the Lymph Node Immunity 2013 PMC3793246 23352234
  44. [45]Kastenmuller W A spatially-organized multicellular innate immune response in lymph nodes limits systemic pathogen spread Cell 2012 150 6 1235 48 22980983 PMC3514884
  45. [46]Schenkel JM Fraser KA Masopust D Cutting edge: resident memory CD8 T cells occupy frontline niches in secondary lymphoid organs J Immunol 2014 192 7 2961 4 24600038 PMC3965619
  46. [47]Zammit DJ Dendritic cells maximize the memory CD8 T cell response to infection Immunity 2005 22 5 561 70 15894274 PMC2857562
  47. [48]Jung S In vivo depletion of CD11c(+) dendritic cells abrogates priming of CD8(+) T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens Immunity 2002 17 2 211 20 12196292 PMC3689299
  48. [49]Wakim LM Dendritic cell-induced memory T cell activation in nonlymphoid tissues Science 2008 319 5860 198 202 18187654
  49. [50]Dalod M Dendritic cell responses to early murine cytomegalovirus infection: subset functional specialization and differential regulation by interferon alpha/beta J Exp Med 2003 197 7 885 898 12682109 PMC2193893
  50. [51]Serbina NV Sequential MyD88-independent and -dependent activation of innate immune responses to intracellular bacterial infection Immunity 2003 19 6 891 901 14670305
  51. [52]Ariotti S Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells continuously patrol skin epithelia to quickly recognize local antigen Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 109 48 19739 44 23150545 PMC3511734
  52. [53]Gebhardt T Different patterns of peripheral migration by memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells Nature 2011 477 7363 216 9 21841802
  53. [54]Ariotti S T cell memory. Skin-resident memory CD8(+) T cells trigger a state of tissue-wide pathogen alert Science 2014 346 6205 101 5 25278612
  54. [55]Busch DH Kerksiek KM Pamer EG Differing roles of inflammation and antigen in T cell proliferation and memory generation J Immunol 2000 164 8 4063 70 10754299
  55. [56]Wirth TC Secondary CD8+ T-cell responses are controlled by systemic inflammation Eur J Immunol 2011 41 5 1321 33 21425157 PMC3083480
  56. [57]Markiewicz MA RAE1epsilon Ligand Expressed on Pancreatic Islets Recruits NKG2D Receptor-Expressing Cytotoxic T Cells Independent of T Cell Receptor Recognition Immunity 2012 36 1 132 41 22244846 PMC3276246
  57. [58]Nakanishi Y CD8(+) T lymphocyte mobilization to virus-infected tissue requires CD4(+) T-cell help Nature 2009 462 7272 510 3 19898495 PMC2789415
  58. [59]Cook DN Requirement of MIP-1 alpha for an inflammatory response to viral infection Science 1995 269 5230 1583 5 7667639
  59. [60]Narni-Mancinelli E Memory CD8+ T cells mediate antibacterial immunity via CCL3 activation of TNF/ROI+ phagocytes J Exp Med 2007 204 9 2075 87 17698589 PMC2118695
  60. [61]Narni-Mancinelli E Inflammatory Monocytes and Neutrophils Are Licensed to Kill During Memory Responses In Vivo PLoS Pathog 2011 29 PMC3248567 22241983
  61. [62]Iijima N Iwasaki A T cell memory. A local macrophage chemokine network sustains protective tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells Science 2014 346 6205 93 8 25170048 PMC4254703
  62. [63]Dorner BG MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, and ATAC/lymphotactin function together with IFN-gamma as type 1 cytokines Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 99 9 6181 6 11972057 PMC122923
  63. [64]Lauvau G Priming of memory but not effector CD8 T cells by a killed bacterial vaccine Science 2001 294 5547 1735 9 11721060
  64. [65]White DW Harty JT Perforin-deficient CD8+ T cells provide immunity to Listeria monocytogenes by a mechanism that is independent of CD95 and IFN-gamma but requires TNF-alpha J Immunol 1998 160 2 898 905 9551927
  65. [66]Neighbors M A critical role for interleukin 18 in primary and memory effector responses to Listeria monocytogenes that extends beyond its effects on Interferon gamma production J Exp Med 2001 194 3 343 54 11489953 PMC2193467
  66. [67]Samsom JN Tumour necrosis factor, but not interferon-gamma, is essential for acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes during a secondary infection in mice Immunology 1995 86 2 256 62 7490127 PMC1384004
  67. [68]Grivennikov SI Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of TNF produced by t cells and macrophages/neutrophils: protective and deleterious effects Immunity 2005 22 1 93 104 15664162
  68. [69]Shi C Bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce monocyte emigration in response to circulating toll-like receptor ligands Immunity 2011 34 4 590 601 21458307 PMC3081416
  69. [70]Serbina NV Pamer EG Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2 Nat Immunol 2006 7 3 311 7 16462739
  70. [72]Barber DL Wherry EJ Ahmed R Cutting edge: rapid in vivo killing by memory CD8 T cells J Immunol 2003 171 1 27 31 12816979
  71. [73]Halle S In Vivo Killing Capacity of Cytotoxic T Cells Is Limited and Involves Dynamic Interactions and T Cell Cooperativity Immunity 2016 44 2 233 45 26872694 PMC4846978
  72. [74]Srinivasan A Innate immune activation of CD4 T cells in salmonella-infected mice is dependent on IL-18 J Immunol 2007 178 10 6342 9 17475863
  73. [75]O’Donnell H Toll-like receptor and inflammasome signals converge to amplify the innate bactericidal capacity of T helper 1 cells Immunity 2014 40 2 213 24 24508233 PMC3960852
  74. [76]Shin H Iwasaki A A vaccine strategy that protects against genital herpes by establishing local memory T cells Nature 2012 491 7424 463 7 23075848 PMC3499630
  75. [77]Laidlaw BJ CD4+ T cell help guides formation of CD103+ lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells during influenza viral infection Immunity 2014 41 4 633 45 25308332 PMC4324721
  76. [78]Moon JJ Tracking epitope-specific T cells Nat Protoc 2009 4 4 565 81 19373228 PMC3517879
  77. [79]Hohl TM Inflammatory monocytes facilitate adaptive CD4 T cell responses during respiratory fungal infection Cell Host Microbe 2009 6 5 470 81 19917501 PMC2785497
  78. [81]Schreiber HA Intestinal monocytes and macrophages are required for T cell polarization in response to Citrobacter rodentium J Exp Med 2013 210 10 2025 39 24043764 PMC3782042
  79. [82]Dow LE Inducible in vivo genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 Nat Biotechnol 2015 33 4 390 4 25690852 PMC4390466

Cited by

Authors
Lauvau, G., Boutet, M., Williams, T. M., Chin, S. S., & Chorro, L.
Affiliations
Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
Venue
Trends in Immunology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-06
Volume
37
Issue
6
Pages
375-385
ISSN
1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2342538488
Cited by
35
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7
FWCI
0.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIH (R01 103338, R21 095835)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords
memory CD8+ T cells, innate-like T cells, mucosal immunity, T cell reactivation, damage-associated molecular patterns, T cell vaccines, T cell therapy
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Intestinal Mucosa, Vaccines, Lymphocyte Subsets, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Immunity, Mucosal, Receptors, Pattern Recognition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review