The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), a minimal-risk noninvasive neuromodulation method, showed potential benefits for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an unblinded open study. The present blinded sham-controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of TNS for ADHD and potential changes in brain spectral power using resting-state quantitative electroencephalography.Method Sixty-two children 8 to 12 years old, with full-scale IQ of at least 85 and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-diagnosed ADHD, were randomized to 4 weeks of nightly treatment with active or sham TNS, followed by 1 week without intervention. Assessments included weekly clinician-administered ADHD Rating Scales (ADHD-RS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales and quantitative electroencephalography at baseline and week 4.Results ADHD-RS total scores showed significant group-by-time interactions (F 1,228 = 8.12, p = .005; week 4 Cohen d = 0.5). CGI-Improvement scores also favored active treatment (χ 21,168 = 8.75, p = .003; number needed to treat = 3). Resting-state quantitative electroencephalography showed increased spectral power in the right frontal and frontal midline frequency bands with active TNS. Neither group had clinically meaningful adverse events.Conclusion This study demonstrates TNS efficacy for ADHD in a blinded sham-controlled trial, with estimated treatment effect size similar to non-stimulants. TNS is well tolerated and has minimal risk. Additional research should examine treatment response durability and potential impact on brain development with sustained use.Clinical trial registration information Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02155608.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a 4-week double-blind, sham-controlled pilot, nightly trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) in 62 children aged 8–12 with ADHD improved clinician-rated ADHD-RS total scores versus sham (group-by-time F = 8.12, df = 1/228, p = .005; week 4 Cohen’s d = .50) and CGI-I (χ² = 8.75, df = 1/168, p = .003; NNT = 3). TNS was well tolerated with no serious adverse events, and qEEG showed increased right frontal and frontal midline spectral power with active treatment.
Key findings
- ADHD-RS totals showed a significant group-by-time interaction (F = 8.12, df = 1/228, p = .005), with week 4 Cohen’s d = .50. CGI-I also favored active treatment (χ² = 8.75, df = 1/168, p = .003), NNT = 3; raw CGI-I improvement rates for active vs sham were 25% vs 13%, 34% vs 15%, 47% vs 12%, and 52% vs 14% at weeks 1–4.
- Resting-state qEEG showed increased broadband power with active TNS and decreased power with sham in the right frontal region. Significant group-by-time effects occurred for right frontal F4 delta, theta, beta, and gamma bands and frontal midline Fz gamma, with trend-level effects for Fz delta, theta, and beta. Week 4 changes in F4 theta/beta and Fz gamma 1 correlated with ADHD-RS total and hyperactive/impulsive changes (r’s range −.34 to −.41).
- After treatment discontinuation, ADHD-RS worsened in both groups from week 4 to week 5: active means 23.39 (SD 7.88) to 25.52 (7.84); sham 27.50 (8.08) to 29.11 (7.79). Time effect was significant (F = 6.23, df = 1/57, p = .02), with a trend for group differences (F = 4.18, df = 1/57, p = .05) but no group-by-time interaction (F = .12, df = 1/57, p = .73); week 5 Cohen’s d = .46.
- No serious adverse events occurred and no participant withdrew for adverse events. Active TNS was associated with significant increases in weight and pulse versus sham, and side-effect ratings showed notable increases in fatigue, headache, and increased appetite with active TNS, and increased hyperactivity with sham.
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot: 62 children aged 8–12 years with KSADS-diagnosed ADHD, full-scale IQ ≥ 85, baseline ADHD-RS ≥ 24, and CGI-S ≥ 4 were randomized 1:1 to active (n = 32) or sham (n = 30) TNS, stratified by low/high parent ARI scores. Treatment was nightly for 4 weeks, followed by 1 blinded week without intervention.
- Outcomes included weekly clinician-administered ADHD-RS and CGI scales, parent/teacher behavioral ratings, cognitive tests, safety measures, and resting-state qEEG at baseline and week 4. qEEG data for 3 participants were excluded for movement artifact, leaving 56 participants (active n = 30; sham n = 26) for EEG analyses.
- Analyses used SAS 9.4 general linear mixed models with group, time, and group-by-time predictors, subject-level random intercepts, and a piecewise linear time trend (time2 after week 1); categorical CGI-I was assessed by chi-square. Effect sizes used Cohen’s d and NNT, with uncorrected α = .05.
Limitations
- The paper states the study assessed only acute 4-week response and does not inform whether additional improvement would accrue with ongoing treatment or whether benefits persist over time; it did not assess TNS as adjunctive therapy; it failed to support open-label executive functioning (BRIEF) and selected sleep (CSHQ) benefits, though mean ratings on those measures were subclinical; pulse increases were statistically significant but not clinically abnormal and may be outlier findings from a small sample; replication in additional patient groups is needed.
- Evident from the text: this was a small pilot with uncorrected significance for exploratory outcomes, blinding was assessed only by parent questionnaire, qEEG analyses included 56 of 62 randomized participants, and the study does not address potential effects on brain development with sustained use.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 23 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resting-state qEEG showed increased spectral power in right frontal and frontal midline frequency bands with active TNS.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · boosted
“With resting state qEEG, active TNS demonstrated increased broadband power, whereas sham exhibit decreased power in the right frontal region (Figure 2).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · plain
“reveal significant group-by-time effects for frequency bands in the right frontal (F4 delta, theta, beta, gamma) and frontal midline (Fz gamma) channels”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same pattern of time, time2, and group-by-time effects was found with both Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD-RS subscales as with total scores.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Week 5 CGI-I ratings showed 13% improved in active vs.7% improved in sham groups compared to baseline (X2 = .53, df = 1, p = .46).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Discontinuation Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C-SSRS showed no responses suggestive of suicidality.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ADHD-RS totals worsened in both groups between weeks 4 and 5 following treatment discontinuation.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Discontinuation Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Week 4 changes in right frontal (F4 theta, beta bands) and frontal midline (Fz Gamma 1) regions were significantly associated with changes in ADHD-RS total and hyperactive/impulsive scores (r’s range −.34 to −.41)”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study failed to support several hypotheses arising from the open-label trial, particularly positive benefits seen in executive functioning, measured by the BRIEF, and selected sleep measures, measured by the CSHQ.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the present study finds that only slightly more than half of those receiving therapy have clinically meaningful improvement”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“with estimated treatment effect size similar to non-stimulants.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“The week 4 medium-sized treatment effect is within the same range typically evidenced with non-stimulant ADHD medications.38”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Conclusion:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Faraone, 2006, Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis, MedGenMed
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment groups did not differ at any channel or frequency band at baseline (all p’s > 0.3).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 45
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CGI-Improvement also favored active treatment (Chisq = 8.75, df = 1/168, p = .003); number-needed-to-treat (NNT) = 3.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · plain
“CGI-I over the 4-week course similarly favored active over sham (X2 = 8.75, df = 1/168, p = .003).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · plain
“Number-needed-to-treat (NNT) based on CGI-I at week 4 was 3.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither group had clinically meaningful adverse events.”
- Also stated in: § Safety and Tolerability · plain
“There were no serious adverse events in either group and no participant withdrew for adverse events.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Results:
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Safety and Tolerability · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ADHD-RS totals showed significant group-by-time interactions (F = 8.12, df = 1/228, p = .005); week 4 Cohen’s d = .5.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · boosted
“ADHD-RS totals showed significant group-by-time interaction, demonstrating a differential treatment effect (F = 8.12, df = 1/228, p = .005).”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · hedged
“Estimated Cohen’s d at week 4 was 0.50, suggesting a medium-size treatment effect.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Measures · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant increases in weight and pulse were seen with active TNS compared with sham over four weeks, but there were no group differences in increased height or blood pressure (Table 2).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time effect was significant (F = 6.23, df = 1/57, p = .02), with a trend for group differences (F = 4.18, df = 1/57, p = .05), but no significant group-by-time interaction (F = .12, df = 1/57, p = .73), suggesting both groups deteriorated at similar rates.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Discontinuation Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Week 4 mean (SD) scores for active vs. sham groups were 23.39 (7.88) and 27.50 (8.08) respectively; with week 5 scores of 25.52 (7.84) and 29.11 (7.79).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Discontinuation Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant main effect of time (F = 39.97, df = 1/228, p < .0001) revealed initial improvement in both groups, greater with active TNS.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other behavioral outcomes, including the MASC Child Report, CDRS-R, BRIEF, remaining CSHQ scales, teacher Conners, and ARI scales were not significant.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improvement rates for active vs. sham were 25% vs. 13%, 34% vs. 15%, 47% vs. 12%, and 52% vs. 14% based on raw CGI-I at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively, with a trend for increasing improvement with active TNS over time (X2 = 5.08, df = 3/168, p = .17).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time2 also demonstrated a significant effect (F = 28.96, df = 1/228, p < .0001), but no group-by-time2 interaction, indicating an equal leveling-off of improvement following week 1.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reveal significant group-by-time effects for frequency bands in the right frontal (F4 delta, theta, beta, gamma) and frontal midline (Fz gamma) channels, with trend level effects for frequency bands in the mid-frontal region (Fz delta, theta, beta).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Left frontal region (F3) effects were generally in the same direction but did not reach significance (all p’s > 0.2).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pulse increases in this study, while statistically significant, were not within a clinically abnormal range and were not associated with clinical symptoms.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events in either group and no participant withdrew for adverse events.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skin discoloration resolved with subsequent sun exposure and time.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With resting state qEEG, active TNS demonstrated increased broadband power, whereas sham exhibit decreased power in the right frontal region (Figure 2).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MASC-Parent Report showed trends for time (F = 3.58. df = 1/53, p = .06) and group-by-time (F = 2.90, df 1/53, p = .09) effects, with estimated Cohen’s d =.33.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One initially concerning adverse event, skin whitening/discoloration under the patch site in some darker skinned participants, occurred in active and sham groups and was attributed to patch removal and concomitant loss of superficial skin layers.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Side Effects Rating Scale responses are summarized in Table 3, with notable increases in fatigue, headache, and increased appetite with active TNS, and increased hyperactivity with sham.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar piecewise linear trajectory, but no group or interactive effects, was seen with the parent-completed Conners.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spectral power changes had weaker correlations with inattentive symptoms and none were statistically significant (all p’s > 0.13).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant group, time, or group-by-time effects were seen in central or parietal electrodes (all p’s > 0.2).”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While reports of headache and fatigue were associated with active TNS, no one abandoned treatment due to side effects.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CSHQ revealed significant time and time2 effects, but no group-by-time interactions, for Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Anxiety, and Total Sleep Problems.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TNS is well-tolerated and minimal risk.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“As with previous reports, results confirm that TNS carries minimal risk and is well tolerated and accepted by ADHD-affected children and their parents.17”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > Abstract > Conclusion:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] McGough, 2015, An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulant in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Brain Stimul source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, parent Conners ratings have significant time effects in both groups, but no group-by-treatment differences, likely due to some placebo response among all raters.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, TNS is extremely well tolerated in adults and virtually without adverse events, suggesting suitability for pediatric testing.16”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] DeGiorgio, 2011, Trigeminal nerve stimulation: seminal animal and human studies for epilepsy and depression, Neurosurg Clin North Am source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, further improvement over subsequent weeks with active TNS suggests emergence of true treatment effects, demonstrated in both clinician-rated ADHD-RS and CGI-I scores.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study assessed acute response to TNS over four weeks. It does not inform on whether additional improvement would accrue with ongoing treatment or whether benefits persist over time.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As with the vagus nerve, TNS is known to elicit parasympathetic activity, which is expected to result in pulse decreases or bradycardia.43”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Kumada M, Dampney RA, Reis DJ. The trigeminal depressor response: a novel vasodepressor response originating from the trigeminal system. Brain Res. 177;119:305-326. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous scalp qEEG studies reported increased power in delta, theta, and beta frequency bands at right frontal electrodes with successful stopping within a stop signal task,39, 40 suggesting a significant association between right frontal cortex and inhibitory control.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Huster, 2013, Electroencephalography of response inhibition tasks: functional networks and cognitive contributions, Int J Psychophysiol source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Wagner, 2018, Establishing a right frontal beta signature for stopping active in scalp electroencephalography: implications for testing inhibitory control in other task contexts, J Cognitive Neuroscience source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant group differences were found for age, sex, race/ethnicity, height, weight, vital signs, IQ, ADHD subtype, or baseline behavioral ratings.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Demographics and Disposition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial analyses demonstrated that dependent variables were normally distributed and that assumptions of sphericity were not violated.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Efficacy Measures
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was 1:1, using random block lengths of four and six, to active or sham TNS, with equal stratification on low (≤ 6) or high parent ARI scores to assess potential effects on irritability.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > METHOD > Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to the vagus nerve, the trigeminal conveys sensory inputs from skin, muscles, and skull to extensive connections within the locus coeruleus, reticular activating system, and nucleus tractus solitarius,12 regions involved in selective maintenance of attention.13”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Nolte, 1999
- Not checked yetcites [13] Peterson, 2012, The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after, Annu Rev Neurosci source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To assess study blinding effectiveness, parents completed an Early Impressions Questionnaire25 after the initial treatment week to quantify expectations of success with their assigned condition.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > METHOD > TNS Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Devilly, 2000, Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire, J Beh Ther Exp Psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was a four-week, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, followed by one blinded week without intervention.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > METHOD > Study Design
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A preliminary open trial in ADHD-diagnosed youth suggested TNS was 1) readily accepted by parents and children; 2) associated with substantial reductions in parent and clinician ADHD symptom ratings and significant improvements on multiple indices of parent-reported executive functioning; and, 3) associated with dramatic improvements in laboratory measures of response inhibition.17”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] McGough, 2015, An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulant in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Brain Stimul source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant randomized to sham left the trial after week 3. One additional participant in each group withdrew between weeks 4 and 5.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Demographics and Disposition
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 3Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohen’s d at Week 5 =.46, suggesting maintenance of a medium-size treatment effect one week after treatment cessation.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Discontinuation Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of TNS in ADHD treatment, confirming and expanding previous open-label findings.17”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] McGough, 2015, An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulant in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Brain Stimul source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) is a non-invasive, minimal risk neuromodulation method approved in Canada and Europe for adult treatment of medication-resistant major depression,9, 10 and epilepsy.11”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Schrader, 2011, Trigeminal nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder: first proof of concept in an open pilot trial, Epilepsy Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cook, 2016, Trigeminal nerve stimulation for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder, Neuromodulation source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Cook, 2015, The potential use of trigeminal nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy, Ther Deliv source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ADHD-RS response patterns suggest that the greatest degree of TNS-related improvement occurs during the first week, with additional improvement accruing with ongoing use.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“qEEG data for 3 participants were excluded due to excessive movement artifact; leaving a total of 56 participants (active n=30; sham n=26) for EEG analyses.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > RESULTS > Demographics and Disposition
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 56Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There might have been some bias toward non-medication approaches to ADHD management by parents of study participants, but this view is common among many parents seeking ADHD treatment for their children.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, results from this study should be widely generalizable, but support for TNS would be strengthened if replicated in additional patient groups.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TNS is a non-medication minimal risk intervention with proven efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of evidence for TNS exceeds that which is available for many commercially available complementary interventions.”
§ Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Benefits of vagal nerve stimulation rely in part on the same brain connections as trigeminal nerve stimulation.
“Assuming that benefits of vagal stimulation rely in part on the same brain connections, it was hypothesized that TNS similarly improve seizures and mood, but without costs and risks associated with surgical device implantation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first blinded sham-controlled trial of TNS for ADHD or any pediatric condition.
“This is the first blinded sham-controlled trial of TNS for ADHD or any pediatric condition.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although it is FDA approved, the efficacy for external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) is documented by one 5-week randomized controlled trial with just 30 participants receiving eTNS.90”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [90]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In a clinical trial, ADHD-RS total scores showed significant group-by-time interactions.”
In the citing paper
“CGI-Improvement scores also favored active treatment [127].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Week 5 effect is below the paper's medium-effect cutoff
MinorThe paper defines .5 as the cutoff for a medium Cohen's d, but calls the week 5 value of .46 medium-sized.
“Cohen’s d at Week 5 =.46, suggesting maintenance of a medium-size treatment effect one week after treatment cessation.”
“For Cohen’s d, cutoff values for small, medium, and large effects were defined as .2, .5, and .8, respectively.36”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“…include new medications currently in development and a stronger evidence base for novel non-medication treatments for treating ADHD symptoms or associated impairments, such as trigeminal nerve stimulation (McGough et al., 2019) and game-based treatments (Craven and Groom, 2015; Dovis et al., 2015).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- McGough, J. J., Sturm, A., Cowen, J., Tung, K., Salgari, G. C., Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Sugar, C. A., & Loo, S. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGough, James J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 403-411.e3
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6481187
- OpenAlex
- W2914647410
- Semantic Scholar
- 8d6d8f15fe2c3b0e48ab4ffd88fafca077c02746
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 10.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH101282)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- trigeminal nerve stimulation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, non-invasive neuromodulation, children, quantitative EEG, treatment efficacy, treatment safety
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Double-Blind Method, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Trigeminal Nerve, United States, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Executive Function
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