Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; also known as hyperkinetic disorder) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects children and adults worldwide. ADHD has a predominantly genetic aetiology that involves common and rare genetic variants. Some environmental correlates of the disorder have been discovered but causation has been difficult to establish. The heterogeneity of the condition is evident in the diverse presentation of symptoms and levels of impairment, the numerous co-occurring mental and physical conditions, the various domains of neurocognitive impairment, and extensive minor structural and functional brain differences. The diagnosis of ADHD is reliable and valid when evaluated with standard diagnostic criteria. Curative treatments for ADHD do not exist but evidence-based treatments substantially reduce symptoms and/or functional impairment. Medications are effective for core symptoms and are usually well tolerated. Some non-pharmacological treatments are valuable, especially for improving adaptive functioning. Clinical and neurobiological research is ongoing and could lead to the creation of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
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Specialist visits for substance use disorders, depression, and anxiety were chosen due to their high comorbidity with ADHD, frequent exclusion from RCTs, and current clinical uncertainty regarding treatment approaches.
“Specialist visits for substance use disorders, depression, and anxiety were chosen due to their high comorbidity with ADHD, frequent exclusion from RCTs, and current clinical uncertainty regarding treatment approaches.13”
From Evaluating ADHD medication trial representativeness: a Swedish population-based study comparing hypothetically trial-eligible and trial-ineligible individuals (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
The available passages are bibliographic metadata (the author listing and “5 Citations (Scopus)” section) and an “Abstract” section containing an access link, not discussion of the claim. Searches for comorbidity, substance use disorders, depression and anxiety, RCT exclusions, and treatment uncertainty found no passage addressing those points in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Faraone, S. V., Bellgrove, M. A., Brikell, I., Cortese, S., Hartman, C. A., Hollis, C., Newcorn, J. H., Philipsen, A., Polanczyk, G. V., Rubia, K., Sibley, M. H., & Buitelaar, J. K.
- Affiliations
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Solent NHS Trust (GB)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers
- Published
- 2024-02-22
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-11
- ISSN
- 2056-676X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392057793
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 34 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 28.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2024-04-15)
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Research and Innovation
- Action Medical Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR203310, NIHR130077, NIHR128472, NIHR203035, MIC-2016-003, 101095568, RP-PG-0618-20003, NIHR303122, NIHR203684)
- Department of Health and Social Care
- King's College London (115300)
- European Commission (101095568, 965381, 945151, HORIZON2020, 115300, 847879, 777394, 847818)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (16/22455-8)
- ZonMw (636340003, 636340002)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (310582/2017-2, 2017‐2)
- Institute of Education Sciences
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- Medical Research Council (MR/T046864/1, 115300, MR/P012647/1, 777394)
- Research Executive Agency
- National Health and Medical Research Council (MRF2006438, 2010899, 1154378, EPCD000002)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH122225, 1R21MH1264940, R01MH116037, R34MH125037)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS128535)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR076092)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eurostars
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperkinetic disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, genetic aetiology, genetic variants, environmental risk factors, symptom heterogeneity, comorbidities, neurocognitive impairment, brain structure and function, ADHD diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, evidence-based treatment, pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological treatment, personalized medicine
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Humans
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