The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contraceptive Hormone Use and Cardiovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
Contraceptive hormones, most commonly prescribed as oral contraceptives (OCs), are a widely utilized method to prevent ovulation, implantation, and, therefore, pregnancy. The Women's Health Initiative demonstrated cardiovascular risk linked to menopausal hormone therapy among women without pre-existing cardiovascular disease, prompting a review of the safety, efficacy, and side effects of other forms of hormone therapy. A variety of basic science, animal, and human data suggests that contraceptive hormones have antiatheromatous effects; however, relatively less is known regarding the impact on atherosclerosis, thrombosis, vasomotion, and arrhythmogenesis. Newer generation OC formulations in use indicate no increased myocardial infarction risk for current users, but a persistent increased risk of venous thromboembolism. There are no cardiovascular data available for the newest generation contraceptive hormone formulations, including those that contain newer progestins that lower blood pressure, as well as the nonoral routes (transdermal and vaginal). Current guidelines indicate that, as with all medication, contraceptive hormones should be selected and initiated by weighing risks and benefits for the individual patient. Women 35 years and older should be assessed for cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, smoking, diabetes, nephropathy, and other vascular diseases, including migraines, prior to use. Existing data are mixed with regard to possible protection from OCs for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events; longer-term cardiovascular follow-up of menopausal women with regard to prior OC use, including subgroup information regarding adequacy of ovulatory cycling, the presence of hyperandrogenic conditions, and the presence of prothrombotic genetic disorders is needed to address this important issue.
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In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [370]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [370]
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [370]
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [370]
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Citations
Cites
The Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System
Mendelsohn, M. E., & Karas, R. H. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199906103402306 · Cited by 3,119
Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Manson, J. E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K. C., Rossouw, J. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasser, N. L., Trevisan, M., Black, H. R., Heckbert, S. R., Detrano, R., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030808 · Cited by 2,065
Ehrmann, D. A. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041536 · Cited by 1,920
Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women
Barrett-Connor, E. (1991) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460140089033 · Cited by 1,241
Gynecologists (2009) · Cited by 1,035
Chandra, A., Martinez, G. M., Mosher, W. D., Abma, J. C., & Jones, J. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e414702008-001 · Cited by 957
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Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Coronary Heart Disease
Hsia, J. A. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.357 · Cited by 607
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Authors Task Force Members, Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cífková, R., Backer, G. D., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht151 · Cited by 13,739
Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redón, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cifkova, R., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc · Cited by 5,655
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2019) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014 · Cited by 4,854
“In contrast, alternative contraceptive measures should be recommended in women with hypercholesterolaemia [LDL-C >4 mmol/L (>160 mg/dL)] or with multiple risk factors, and in those at high-risk of thrombotic events.(391) Oestrogen replacement therapy, despite some favourable effects on lipid profiles, has not been dem…”
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Reiner, Ž., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158 · Cited by 3,549
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272 · Cited by 3,162
Metadata
- Authors
- Shufelt, C. L., & Bairey Merz, C. N.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 221-231
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2660203
- OpenAlex
- W2128055881
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hv068164-006, n01hv068162-009, n01hv068161-005, n01hv068163-006)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HV68162, N01 HV068162, N01HV68163, N01 HV068164, N01- HV-068161, N01 HV068163)
- National Center for Research Resources (MO1-RR00425, M01RR000425)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- oral contraceptives, cardiovascular risk, hormone replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, progestins, vaginal ring, cardiovascular risk assessment, Women's Health Initiative
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Thromboembolism, United States, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Premenopause, Postmenopause, Risk Assessment, Hormone Replacement Therapy
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