Relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-α-1,3-galactose
Open accessAbstract
Background We have observed patients clinically allergic to red meat and meat-derived gelatin.Objective We describe a prospective evaluation of the clinical significance of gelatin sensitization, the predictive value of a positive test result, and an examination of the relationship between allergic reactions to red meat and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal).Methods Adult patients evaluated in the 1997-2011 period for suspected allergy/anaphylaxis to medication, insect venom, or food were skin tested with gelatin colloid. In vitro (ImmunoCAP) testing was undertaken where possible.Results Positive gelatin test results were observed in 40 of 1335 subjects: 30 of 40 patients with red meat allergy (12 also clinically allergic to gelatin), 2 of 2 patients with gelatin colloid-induced anaphylaxis, 4 of 172 patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis (all responded to intravenous gelatin challenge of 0.02-0.4 g), and 4 of 368 patients with drug allergy. Test results were negative in all patients with venom allergy (n = 241), nonmeat food allergy (n = 222), and miscellaneous disorders (n = 290). ImmunoCAP results were positive to α-Gal in 20 of 24 patients with meat allergy and in 20 of 22 patients with positive gelatin skin test results. The results of gelatin skin testing and anti-α-Gal IgE measurements were strongly correlated (r = 0.46, P < .01). α-Gal was detected in bovine gelatin colloids at concentrations of approximately 0.44 to 0.52 μg/g gelatin by means of inhibition RIA.Conclusion Most patients allergic to red meat were sensitized to gelatin, and a subset was clinically allergic to both. The detection of α-Gal in gelatin and correlation between the results of α-Gal and gelatin testing raise the possibility that α-Gal IgE might be the target of reactivity to gelatin. The pathogenic relationship between tick bites and sensitization to red meat, α-Gal, and gelatin (with or without clinical reactivity) remains uncertain.
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- Authors
- Mullins, R. J., James, H., Platts-Mills, T. A. E., & Commins, S.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Virginia Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mullins, Raymond James
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1334-1342.e1
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3340561
- OpenAlex
- W2104914684
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 13.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RO1 AI-20565, K08 AI085190, R21 AI087985)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Adverse Reactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Keywords
- red meat allergy, gelatin allergy, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, idiopathic anaphylaxis, drug hypersensitivity, bovine gelatin, food allergy, ImmunoCAP
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Allergens, Animals, Cattle, Female, Food Hypersensitivity, Galactose, Gelatin, Humans, Immunoglobulin E, Immunization, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Skin Tests, Young Adult
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