Cited by 186Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders

Lutz, Wolfgang, Stulz, Niklaus, Köck, Katharina·2009·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019

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Abstract

Background While highlighting the efficacy of different treatments for major depressive disorders (MDD), findings of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) often are interpreted as supporting the idea of treatment non-specificity for MDD. However, heterogeneity in treatment courses and outcomes might be undetected when focusing only on types of treatment in terms of sample means without taking into account early change in treatment.Method In this study, growth mixture models (GMM) were used in the completer sample of N=162 patients from the NIMH TDCRP to identify meaningful patterns of early change of depression severity that are shared by many individual patients.Results Results revealed three typical patterns of early change over the first 8 weeks of treatment irrespective of the type of treatment protocol provided: (a) moderate to severe depression with moderate early improvement, (b) moderate to severe depression with rapid early improvement, and (c) mild to moderate depression with moderate early improvement. In contrast to the type of treatment, these differential patterns of early response (together with overall pre-treatment symptom severity) predicted outcomes (i.e. depression severity) at treatment termination and over the 1.5-year follow-up period.Limitations Due to the small sample size and the controlled setting of this study the degree to which these results can be generalized to clinical practice has to be further investigated.Conclusions The findings provide further support for the assumption that early change is an important factor for the prediction of short- and long-term outcome in psychotherapy.

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Preface
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Construct and Data-Evaluation Validity
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Single-Case Experimental Research Designs
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Control and Comparison Groups
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Cautions, Negative Effects, and Replication
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Selecting Measures for Research
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Glossary
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Special Topics of Assessment
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References
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Ideas that Begin the Research Process
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Methodology
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Subject Index
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Presenting and Analyzing the Data
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Name Index
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Scientific Integrity
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Introduction
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Assessment: Types of Measures and Their Use
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Experimental Research Using Group Designs
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Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research
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Communication of Research Findings
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“However, most researchers who have examined the associa - tion between symptom trajectories and outcomes use the same construct (e.g., total symptom severity) to define both trajectory and outcome (Lutz et al., 2009; Schumm et al., 2013 ; Zeeck et al., 2020 ).”
Improvement and deterioration trajectories in psychotherapy for depression: results from an RCT with cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic therapy
Budianto, A. A., Naqiyah, N., Sartinah, E. P., Habsy, B. A., & Purwoko, B. (2026) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2026.2666056
Patient and course of care factors impacting time to response and remission in psychotherapy for depression
Forand, N. R., Nettiksimmons, J., Hardy, C., Anton, M. T., & Green, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1816893
“Several studies have found that early rapid response predicts better longer-term outcomes (Lutz et al., 2009; Lewis et al., 2012; Li et al., 2023).”
Efficacy of a personalized, response-based transdiagnostic intervention for emotional disorders delivered via the Internet: a protocol for an adaptive randomized controlled trial
Elia, F. L., García‐Palacios, A., Botella, C., Penedo, J. M. G., Holtforth, M. G., Berger, T., & Fernández‐Álvarez, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1918892

Authors: Lutz, W., Stulz, N., & Köck, K.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Lutz, Wolfgang
ORCID: Lutz, Wolfgang
Stulz, Niklaus
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-11
Volume: 118
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 60-68
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019
OpenAlex: W2026334685
Cited by: 186
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 8.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, early treatment response, treatment outcome prediction, follow-up outcomes, depression severity, growth mixture modeling, psychotherapy
MeSH terms: Adult, Ambulatory Care, Antidepressive Agents, Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic, Combined Modality Therapy, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Imipramine, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Admission, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders

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