The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors
Open accessAbstract
Background The aim of this study was to review the growth curve mixture modelling (GCMM) literature investigating trajectories of perinatal maternal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors.Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles published until November 2015 was conducted in seven databases. Articles using GCMM to identify trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were considered. Symptoms had to be assessed at least three times, anytime from pregnancy to two years postpartum (PROSPERO; 2016:CRD42016032600).Results Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. All reported a low risk trajectory, characterised by stable low depressive symptoms throughout the perinatal period. A stable moderate-high or high symptom trajectory was reported in eight of 11 studies, suggesting a high-risk group with persistent depressive symptoms. Six studies also reported transient trajectories, with either increasing, decreasing or episodic depressive symptoms. None of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics investigated systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies. Thus, it is difficult to differentiate women at high or low risk of specific perinatal depression trajectories.Limitations A meta-analysis was not possible. The studies' settings and inclusion criteria limit the generalisability of the findings to low-risk, middle- to high-income women.Conclusions Relatively similar trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were identified across studies. Evidence on factors differentiating women assigned to different trajectories was inconsistent. Research with larger samples and in more diverse settings is needed to inform services and policies on how and when to effectively identify subgroups of women at high risk of perinatal depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with extant research on maternal depression [14], maternal internalizing problems manifested in two ways in the present study: a low-symptom profile characterized by symptoms that slowly decreased over time and a clinical profile characterized by clinically significant elevations in internalizing problems that, notably, persisted up to 2 years postpartum.”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Baron et al. [14] concluded in a systematic review that “none of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics… systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies” (p. 194).”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · cited 1×
“Tools used included versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Scale – Depression (CES-D-20; (Radloff, 1977); n=4), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; (Beck et al., 1961), n=4)), or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; (Cox et al., 1987), n=3).”
MethodDermyshi, E., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Hong, W., Qiu, G., Gong, X., & Zhang, T. (2017) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000454668 · Cited by 24,586
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 17,633
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 14,183 · cited 2×
“Tools used included versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Scale – Depression (CES-D-20; (Radloff, 1977); n=4), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; (Beck et al., 1961), n=4)), or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; (Cox et al., 1987), n=3).”
BackgroundMethodNylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 · Cited by 11,415 · cited 2×
“While some researchers report that BIC is the most reliable criteria for identifying the optimal number of trajectories (Nylund et al., 2007), others report that entropy, which indicates the extent to which an individual is classified into one latent group with confidence, is usually favoured over…”
BackgroundSelective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
Scoville, W. B. (1949) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1949.6.1.0065 · Cited by 7,374
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006 · cited 1×
“…to the global burden of disease, both directly, given that depression accounts for over 40% of disability adjusted life years caused by mental disorders (Whiteford et al., 2013), and indirectly, through associations with suicidal behaviour (Rahman et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 2008).”
BackgroundPerinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence
Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000183597.31630.db · Cited by 3,282 · cited 2×
“have shown a natural decline in depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period, or symptoms developing only after giving birth (Gavin et al., 2005; Stowe and Nemeroff, 1995).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–147 of 147
Écija, C., Catalá, P., Gutiérrez, L., & Peñacoba-Puente, C. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.31083/ceog26969 · Cited by 1
Bergunde, L., Jaramillo, I., Rihm, L., Gao, W., Weidner, K., von Soest, T., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111649 · Cited by 1
Henry, R. D. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08828-5 · Cited by 1
“In pregnancy, fluctuations in mood and coping can influence whether these vulnerabilities translate into longstanding mental health problems [15–18].”
Feng, S., Liu, L. L., Xiao, G., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Peng, T., & Qin, C. (2026) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2026.104774 · Cited by 1
Wang, C., Hou, J., Li, A., & Chen, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s570352 · Cited by 1
“Early studies from Europe and the United States have reported a generally decreasing pattern from pregnancy to several months postpartum, 4–6 whereas a recent study in China observed a progressive increase from mid-pregnancy to three months postpartum with a curvilinear pattern.”
Guan, Z., Zhang, X., 赵蓉, Li, J., Lv, L., Fang, W., & Xi, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121839 · Cited by 1
Trajectory Curves for Purposes of Benchmarking and Predicting Clinical Outcomes: A Scoping Review
Kelter, B. M., Wolfe, A. E., Kazis, L. E., Ryan, C. M., Acton, A., Slavin, M. D., & Schneider, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irab245 · Cited by 1
A next-generation approach to mental health outcomes: Treatment, time, and trajectories
Montelongo, M., Lee, J., Poa, E., BOLAND, R. J., Rufino, K. A., Patriquin, M. A., & Oh, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.027 · Cited by 1
Association of trajectories and cumulative exposure of antenatal depression with high birth weight
Wang, J., Xu, J., Wu, P., Ye, Y., Lai, Y., Wang, Y., Dong, Y., Zhao, B., Hu, Y., Liu, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.059 · Cited by 2
Zhang, N., Liu, X., Wang, H., Jiang, W. H., Zeng, X., He, X., Li, Q., Wang, X., Ye, Y., Zhang, Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119768 · Cited by 1
Laifer, L. M., Ramsdell, E. L., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Martin, R. C. B., & Brock, R. L. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/5164261
“Existing research has identi fi ed a range of sociodemo-graphic, contextual, and psychological factors that appear to confer risk for elevated depression and anxiety symptoms across the perinatal period [13, 14, 15, 32, 33, 34].”
InfluentialVera, J. B., & Semino-Asaro, S. (2020) · doi:10.22371/07.2020.044
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr10
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr9
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr8
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr7
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr5
Fuhr, D. C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr6
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr4
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr3
Fuhr, D. C., Sikander, S., Vanobberghen, F. M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr2
Fuhr, D. C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.26.pr1
Chang, Y., Chang, S., Lu, J.-F. R., & Chiang, T. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117960
Song, Z., Zhang, D., Yang, L., Zhao, N., Huang, X., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, P., & Zheng, R. (2025) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104510 · Cited by 2
Csajbók, Z., & Kearns, P. B. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10067
“Several studies have examined trajectories of parental depressive symptoms [13, 15 – 20] as well as children ’ s internalizing and externalizing symptoms [3 – 10].”
Schipper, E.-J. I., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Wardenaar, K. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119876 · Cited by 1
Hipwell, A. E., Magee, K. E., Keenan, K. E., Tung, I., Hill, A. V., Stiller, A., Quick, A. D., Levine, M. D., Strickland, S., & Custodio, M. S. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172510113x
Olavesen, E. S., Haga, S. M., Garthus‐Niegel, S., & Drozd, F. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-03074-8
“Repeated assessments were highlighted as valuable, given that mood can fluctuate throughout the day or week [1, 35].”
Rinne, G. R., Schetter, C. D., Jackman, S. E., & Cole, S. W. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106230
“…heterogeneity in symptom trajectories during pregnancy (e.g., Baron et al., 2017) and both subclinical symptom levels and changes in symptoms across pregnancy have been associated with offspring outcomes (Baron et al., 2017; Madigan et al., 2018; Rinne et al., 2022; Rogers et al., 2020).”
Additional file 2 of Exploring Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: a comprehensive review
Waqas, A., Nadeem, M., & Rahman, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26614750
Additional file 1 of Exploring Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: a comprehensive review
Waqas, A., Nadeem, M., & Rahman, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26614747
Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms in women with overweight and obesity
Karim, S., Liu, J., Cai, B., Merchant, A. T., & Wilcox, S. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-026-00635-9
“This pattern may reflect the ‘honeymoon period’ described by previous literature (Baron et al., 2017; Parade et al., 2014), in which depressive symptoms temporarily decline immediately before and shortly after delivery, but return to higher levels by 6 months postpartum (Parade et al., 2014).”
InfluentialWang, C., Li, A., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121589
Jiang, M., Tang, C., Zhang, H., Lu, M., Gu, Y., Shao, S., Hou, Y., Yu, X., Li, H., Liang, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121656
Psychopathologie et attachement dans la transition à la maternité
Guez, H. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e686711fzd86ez483cza5dcz2df4f3aa4ab1
Attachement, régulation émotionnelle et santé mentale dans la transition a la maternité
Toléon, C. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2adcbc01z9e97z4d3bz891dz66e4bca28264
Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: A systematic review of network analyses
Schwabe, I., Sibbald, L., van den Heuvel, M. I., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., & Loter, K. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101084
Li, J., Shi, Y., Jiang, J., Gui, R., Lu, Y., Zhu, Z., Song, D., & Li, H. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03040-4
Wu, D., Kong, Y., Zhou, R., Gao, Y., Liu, J., Lin, Q., Zhang, J., Jin, S., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122161
Sirithepmontree, S., Palomares, L., & Walker, L. O. (2026) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.70090
Rinne, G. R., Ross, K. M., & Schetter, C. D. (2026) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70186
Xiao Yan, C. H. E. N., Chen, Q., & Chan, K. L. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108278
Vanderkruik, R. C., Louis, C. C., Gaccione, P., Gallop, R., Grassi, E. J., Killenberg, P. C., Yoon, H. E., Freeman, M. P., Dimidjian, S., & Cohen, L. S. (2026) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2026.100203
“Notably, numerous investigations have explored trajectories for depression symptoms during this time, typically identifying consistently high, consistently low, and episodic symptom patterns [18 – 20].”
Leccisotti, I., Altamura, M., Ventriglio, A., Severo, M., Petito, A., Iuso, S., Masi, L. D., Gallone, F., Ficarella, L., Ricci, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101199
Gao, Y., Sun, J., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Nan, Y., & Li, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1973469
Yi, Q., Pu, Y., Li, K., Li, W., & Zhong, X. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10971898/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron, E., Bass, J., Murray, S. M., Schneider, M., & Lund, C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 223
- Pages
- 194-208
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5592733
- OpenAlex
- W2736865397
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH103210, U19MH095699)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, depressive symptom trajectories, maternal depressive symptoms, risk factors, postpartum depression, pregnancy, high-risk subgroups
- MeSH terms
- Maternal Health, Female, Humans, Mothers, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Social Adjustment, Depression, Postpartum, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
