A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors

“Tools used included versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Scale – Depression (CES-D-20; (Radloff, 1977); n=4), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; (Beck et al., 1961), n=4)), or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; (Cox et al., 1987), n=3).”

“Tools used included versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Scale – Depression (CES-D-20; (Radloff, 1977); n=4), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; (Beck et al., 1961), n=4)), or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; (Cox et al., 1987), n=3).”

“While some researchers report that BIC is the most reliable criteria for identifying the optimal number of trajectories (Nylund et al., 2007), others report that entropy, which indicates the extent to which an individual is classified into one latent group with confidence, is usually favoured over…”

“…to the global burden of disease, both directly, given that depression accounts for over 40% of disability adjusted life years caused by mental disorders (Whiteford et al., 2013), and indirectly, through associations with suicidal behaviour (Rahman et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 2008).”

“have shown a natural decline in depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period, or symptoms developing only after giving birth (Gavin et al., 2005; Stowe and Nemeroff, 1995).”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“A recent review of the literature suggests that in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), approximately 16% of women experience antenatal depression and 20% postnatal depression (Fisher et al., 2012).”

“This supports previous evidence suggesting that income or socio-economic level is associated with a greater risk for depression (Lund et al., 2010).”

“…perinatal depression, such as partner and social support, domestic violence, obstetric complications, as well as anxiety and traumatic life events (Lancaster et al., 2010; Robertson et al., 2004; Verreault et al., 2014), should be investigated further in the context of GCMM analyses.. Researchers…”

“Given the exploratory nature of GCMM, Ram and Grimm (2009) also suggest basing the identification of the optimal model on past research and theory as much as possible.”

“Others have also warned about creating trajectories when there is only one ‘real’ trajectory (Bauer and Curran, 2003).”

“This is an interesting finding, given that the evidence suggests that obesity is a risk factor for postpartum depression (Marchi et al., 2015; Milgrom et al., 2012).”

“These estimations allow all available depression score data of an individual to be used in estimation and thus is an optimal estimator for GCMM (Little et al., 2014).”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“, 2007), as well as on children's health and socio-emotional development (Hayes and Sharif, 2009; Wachs et al., 2009).”

“…to the global burden of disease, both directly, given that depression accounts for over 40% of disability adjusted life years caused by mental disorders (Whiteford et al., 2013), and indirectly, through associations with suicidal behaviour (Rahman et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 2008).”

“, 2004), others have shown a natural decline in depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period, or symptoms developing only after giving birth (Gavin et al., 2005; Stowe and Nemeroff, 1995).”

“GCMM has been used in the analysis of mental health-related outcomes, including binge drinking (Tucker et al., 2003), psychosocial wellbeing (Zammit et al., 2012), and anxiety and mood disorders (Nandi et al., 2009).”

“GCMM has been used in the analysis of mental health-related outcomes, including binge drinking (Tucker et al., 2003), psychosocial wellbeing (Zammit et al., 2012), and anxiety and mood disorders (Nandi et al., 2009).”

“…support, domestic violence, obstetric complications, as well as anxiety and traumatic life events (Lancaster et al., 2010; Robertson et al., 2004; Verreault et al., 2014), should be investigated further in the context of GCMM analyses.. Researchers should also be cognisant of the different…”

“…outcomes Trajectories: mixture growth curve approach (SAS) n/a Imputed missing values using Proc MI (SAS) Information criteria fit indices: BIC + Mora et al, 2009 (24) Second ary (Cohort) None Trajectori es and risk profiles Trajectories: growth mixture modelling (MPlus); Risk factors:…”

“Untreated perinatal depression also has detrimental effects on birth outcomes (Lusskin et al., 2007), as well as on children's health and socio-emotional development (Hayes and Sharif, 2009; Wachs et al.”

“, 2007), as well as on children’s health and socio-emotional development (Hayes and Sharif, 2009; Wachs et al., 2009).”

“A minimum of four assessment points has been recommended when performing GCMM, as fewer assessments limit the functions that can be modelled, and therefore the type and number of trajectories that can be generated (Berlin et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2007).”

“…1 5 3 0 S ta n d a rd is e d d e p re s s io n s c o re 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Months from start of pregnancy class = high symptom class = low symptom Glasheen et al 2013 (Michigan, US) -3 0 -1 5 0 1 5 3 0 S ta n d a rd is e d d e p re s s io n s c o re 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Months from start of…”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“…2 Glasheen et al. (2013); 3 Kuo et al. (2012); 4 Kuo et al. (2014); 5 Lee et al. (2014); 6 Marcus et al. (2011); 7 Mora et al. (2009); 8 Parade et al. (2014); 9 Ramos-Marcuse et al. (2010); 10 Sutter-Dallay et al. (2012); 11 Vänskä et al. (2009). b Risk factors not investigated in the study.”

“This is an interesting finding, given that the evidence suggests that obesity is a risk factor for postpartum depression (Marchi et al., 2015; Milgrom et al., 2012).”

“…2 Glasheen et al. (2013); 3 Kuo et al. (2012); 4 Kuo et al. (2014); 5 Lee et al. (2014); 6 Marcus et al. (2011); 7 Mora et al. (2009); 8 Parade et al. (2014); 9 Ramos-Marcuse et al. (2010); 10 Sutter-Dallay et al. (2012); 11 Vänskä et al. (2009). b Risk factors not investigated in the study.”

“The likelihood of belonging to the stable high symptom trajectory compared to a stable low or moderate-low trajectory was higher for those who reported sleep difficulty in the third trimester (Kuo et al., 2012).”

“GCMM has been used in the analysis of mental health-related outcomes, including binge drinking (Tucker et al., 2003), psychosocial wellbeing (Zammit et al., 2012), and anxiety and mood disorders (Nandi et al., 2009).”

“The other only found that a greater proportion of the women assigned to the stable moderatelow trajectory were multiparous, compared to those assigned to the stable low trajectory (Vänskä et al., 2011).”

“The severity cut-off on the instrument measuring depressive symptoms was not indicated in three studies (Glasheen et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2011; Parade et al., 2014).”

“Statistical methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review Study Data used Interventi on Aim of analysis Analytical approach Variables controlled for Method used for missing data Considerati ons in model selection Stud y quali ty Christens en et al, 2011 (29) Second ary (RCT) Preventiv e interventio n for…”

“…alternative method which addresses this limitation is a person-centred, latent class approach, which allows researchers to identify and describe underlying subgroups or classes within a population, based on different patterns of symptom change, or trajectories (Leiby, 2012; Ram and Grimm, 2009).”

“Both longitudinal mixed-effects and latent growth curve models model individual variabilities of these symptoms over time using a single growth curve, assuming that all individuals belong to the same underlying population [13].”

“In line with previous studies, the healthy trajectory in the present study was most common, suggesting this trajectory may be normative (Baron et al., 2017; Santos et al., 2017).”