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Cited by 172Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Distinct Trajectories of Perinatal Depressive Symptomatology: Evidence From Growth Mixture Modeling

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Mora, P. A., Bennett, I. M., Elo, I. T., Mathew, L., Coyne, J. C., Culhane, J. F.·2008·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/aje/kwn283PMC PMC2720701
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Abstract

Although heterogeneity in the timing and persistence of maternal depressive symptomatology has implications for screening and treatment as well as associated maternal and child health outcomes, little is known about this variability. A prospective observational study of 1,735 low-income, multiethnic, inner-city women recruited in pregnancy from 2000 to 2002 and followed prospectively until 2004 (1 prenatal and 3 postpartum interviews) was used to determine whether distinct trajectories of depressive symptomatology can be defined from pregnancy through 2 years postpartum. Analysis was carried out through general growth mixture modeling. A model with 5 trajectory classes characterized the heterogeneity seen in the timing and magnitude of depressive symptoms among the study participants from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These classes included the following: 1) always or chronic depressive symptomatology (7%); 2) antepartum only (6%); 3) postpartum, which resolves after the first year postpartum (9%); 4) late, present at 25 months postpartum (7%); and 5) never having depressive symptomatology (71%). Women in these trajectory classes differed in demographic (nativity, education, race, parity) health, health behavior, and psychosocial characteristics (ambivalence about pregnancy and high objective stress). This heterogeneity should be considered in maternal depression programs. Additional research is needed to determine the association of these trajectory classes with maternal and child health outcomes.

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  • Stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression.

    “stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression [34, 37, 38, 39, 40] and, to a lesser extent, maternal anxiety [15].”

    From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [39]

    The Results report that objective stress was independently associated with several maternal depressive-symptom trajectories, supporting the maternal part of the claim. The study examined pregnant and postpartum women, not fathers, and measured depressive symptoms rather than diagnosed depression; it therefore does not support the paternal part or the claim at that broader level. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • The results are consistent with other studies demonstrating follow-up assessments of depressive symptoms after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury and maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy through 2 years postpartum.

    “Our results are consistent with other studies demonstrating the follow-up assessments of depressive symptoms after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury (Bombardier et al., 2016) and maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy through 2 years postpartum (Mora et al., 2008).”

    From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Mora et al., 2008

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Authors
Mora, P. A., Bennett, I. M., Elo, I. T., Mathew, L., Coyne, J. C., & Culhane, J. F.
Affiliations
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2008-10-08
Volume
169
Issue
1
Pages
24-32
ISSN
  • 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-6256
DOI
10.1093/aje/kwn283
PMC
PMC2720701
OpenAlex
W1970904919
Cited by
172
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI
6.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r03mh074750-02)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS31215/15)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (1R03MH074750-01, R03 MH074750)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R0LD36462-01AI)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD048915)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
maternal depression, depressive symptom trajectories, perinatal depression, antenatal depression, postpartum depression, chronic depression, low-income women, inner-city women, maternal health, child health outcomes
MeSH terms
Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Cannabis, Female, Humans, New Jersey, Poverty, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Urban Population, Cohort Studies, Perinatal Care, Depression, Postpartum

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