Outcomes in patients with and without capacity in electroconvulsive therapy
Abstract
Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe mental illness but access is limited for patients lacking consent capacity. We aimed to compare the symptomatic, cognitive, quality of life (QOL) and functional outcomes of patients with and without capacity receiving ECT for schizophrenia, depression or mania.Methods Patients prescribed ECT in a single center had their clinical outcomes pre and post ECT compared with repeated measures ANOVAs. Differences in demographic, clinical characteristics and ECT treatment between the group lacking and having capacity were examined using independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.Results 75.1% of 175 patients lacked capacity. The group lacking capacity had overall poorer cognitive and global functioning pre ECT but higher QOL. Objective psychiatric symptom ratings after ECT improved similarly between groups. Mood, cognition, QOL and function improved in both groups, with more improvement in mood and function in the group lacking capacity and a trend towards greater cognitive improvement (p = 0.051).Limitations Subgroup analysis by diagnosis was not done due to smaller sample sizes in each group. Cognition was assessed with a general screening instrument not a full neuropsychological assessment.Conclusions ECT is a safe and effective treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar mania and depression, and may provide similar or greater benefits in patients lacking capacity to consent, compared to those with capacity. These results support the provision of a framework for substitute decision making in the patients' best interests for ECT in patients unable to provide their own consent.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For ECT, more than half of patients lacked capacity (between 51.7% to 75.1%).
“They found that more than half of patients lacked capacity (between 51.7% to 75.1%).”
From Decision making capacity for treatment in psychiatric inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Tor et al., 2020
Both capacitous and incapacitous patients generally improved in their psychiatric symptoms following ECT treatment.
“Both capacitous and incapacitous patients generally improved in their psychiatric symptoms following treatment.”
From Decision making capacity for treatment in psychiatric inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Tor et al., 2020
Depression was also associated with incapacity.
“and depression (G.Owen et al., 2009;G. S. Owen et al., 2008G. S. Owen et al., , 2011;;Tor et al., 2020).”
From Decision making capacity for treatment in psychiatric inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Tor et al., 2020
Cognitive performance is relevant to capacity, although the MMSE and MOCA are screening tests so conclusions must be considered with caution.
“Other studies also found that cognitive performance is relevant to capacity, although they used the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Kahn et al., 2009) or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) (Tor et al., 2020) as measures, which are both screening tests, so their conclusions must be considered with caution.”
From Decision making capacity for treatment in psychiatric inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Tor et al., 2020
Cites
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553 · see citing works
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090 · see citing works
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · see citing works
(1993) · PubMed · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
(2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12705-5 · Cited by 1,706 · see citing works
Global Assessment of Functioning
Hall, R. C. W. (1995) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(95)71666-8 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Husain, M. M., Rush, A. J., Fink, M., Knapp, R. G., Petrides, G., Rummans, T. A., Biggs, M. M., O’Connor, K. M., Rasmussen, K. G., Litle, M., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0406 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Psychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis
Eack, S. M., & Newhill, C. E. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl071 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years' experience
Mukherjee, S., Sackeïm, H. A., & Schnur, D. B. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.2.169 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Contemporary use and practice of electroconvulsive therapy worldwide
Leiknes, K. A., Schweder, L. J.-V., & Høie, B. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.37 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia
Tharyan, P., & Adams, C. E. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000076.pub2 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Petrides, G., Malur, C., Braga, R. J., Bailine, S. H., Schooler, N. R., Malhotra, A. K., Kane, J. M., Sanghani, S. N., Goldberg, T. E., John, M., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13060787 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity
Davidson, J., Turnbull, C. D., Strickland, R., Miller, R., & Graves, K. (1986) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT in geriatric depression: phase 1 of the pride study
Kellner, C. H., Husain, M. M., Knapp, R. G., McCall, W. V., Petrides, G., Rudorfer, M. V., Young, R. C., Sampson, S., McClintock, S. M., Mueller, M., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15081101 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Mental capacity in psychiatric patients: Systematic review
Okai, D., Owen, G., McGuire, H., Singh, S., Churchill, R., & Hotopf, M. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.035162 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
JAFFE, R. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.331 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Depression and decision-making capacity for treatment or research: a systematic review
Hindmarch, T., Hotopf, M., & Owen, G. S. (2013) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/1472-6939-14-54 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Part I. A Perspective on the Evolution and Current Practice of ECT
Payne, N. A., & Prudic, J. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000361277.65468.ef · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Shock therapy: a history of electroconvulsive treatment in mental illness
Shorter, E., & Healy, D. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4420 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
ECT in the treatment of the catatonic syndrome
Rohland, B. M., Carroll, B. T., & Jacoby, R. G. (1993) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90015-c · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Association of Electroconvulsive Therapy With Psychiatric Readmissions in US Hospitals
Slade, E. P., Jahn, D. R., Regenold, W. T., & Case, B. G. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1378 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Patients’ Revisions of Their Beliefs About the Need for Hospitalization
Gardner, W., Lidz, C. W., Hoge, S. K., Monahan, J., Eisenberg, M. M., Bennett, N. S., Mulvey, E. P., & Roth, L. H. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1385 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Navarro, V., Gastó, C., Torres, X., Masana, G., Penadés, R., Guarch, J., Vázquez, M., Serra, M., Pujol, N., Pintor, L., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318170a6fa · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Psychological outreach programmes for the depressed elderly: a meta-analysis of effects and dropout
Cuijpers, P. J. (1998) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199801)13:1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Declining Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in United States General Hospitals
Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., LASKA, E. M., Price, L. H., Siegel, C., Olfson, M., & Marcus, S. C. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment and PD patients' capacity to consent to research
Karlawish, J. H., Cary, M. S., Moelter, S. T., Siderowf, A. D., Sullo, E., Xie, S. X., & Weintraub, D. A. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a05ba5 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Nordenskjöld, A., von Knorring, L., & Engström, I. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-115 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Part II: A Biopsychosocial Perspective
Payne, N. A., & Prudic, J. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000361278.73092.85 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Review of ECT for Children and Adolescents
BERTAGNOLI, M. W., & BORCHARDT, C. M. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199003000-00022 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Decisional Capacity of Severely Depressed Patients Requiring Electroconvulsive Therapy
Lapid, M. I., Rummans, T. A., Poole, K. L., Pankratz, V. S., Maurer, M. S., Rasmussen, K. G., Philbrick, K. L., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2003) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200306000-00002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Anterior Bifrontal ECT: A Clinical Trial
Abrams, R., & Taylor, M. A. (1973) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.122.5.587 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Regulation of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Livingston, R., Wu, C., Mu, K., & Coffey, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000460 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Burlingame, G. M., Seaman, S., Johnson, J. E., Whipple, J. L., Richardson, E. J., Rees, F., Earnshaw, D., Spencer, R., Payne, M., & O'Neil, B. (2006) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/1541-1559.3.2.77 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Clinical Alliance and Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy Network
Martin, D. M., Gálvez, V., Lauf, S., Dong, V., Baily, S. A., Cardoner, N., Chan, H. N., Davidson, D., Fam, J., Felice, N. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000435 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationThe views and outcomes of consenting and non-consenting patients receiving ECT
WHEELDON, T. J., Robertson, C., Eagles, J., & Reid, I. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007193 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Shock Therapy: A history of electroconvulsive treatment in mental illness
Jakobi, I. D. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230802052286 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive therapy against the patients’ will: A case series
Methfessel, I., Sartorius, A., & Zilles‐Wegner, D. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1293296 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Decisional Capacity of Depressed Elderly to Consent to Electroconvulsive Therapy
Lapid, M. I., Rummans, T. A., Pankratz, V. S., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2004) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988703261996 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Associated Cognitive Change in Schizophrenia
Tor, P.-C., Ying, J., Ho, N. F., Wang, M., Martin, D. M., Ang, C. P., Tan, C., Yap, L. S., Lu, V. J. M., Simpson, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000422 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMMSE Changes During and After ECT in Late-Life Depression: A Prospective Study
Obbels, J., Vansteelandt, K., Verwijk, E., Dols, A., Bouckaert, F., Oudega, M. L., Vandenbulcke, M., Stek, M. L., & Sienaert, P. A. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attitudes Toward Electroconvulsive Therapy Among Involuntary and Voluntary Patients
Takamiya, A., Sawada, K., Mimura, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2019) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000571 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Barriers to the use of electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly: a European survey
Philpot, M. P., Treloar, A. J., Gormley, N. A., & Gustafson, L. (2002) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00620-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Decision-Making at the End of Life: A Singaporean Perspective
Krishna, L. K. R. (2011) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Improvements in Health-Related Quality of Life With Electroconvulsive Therapy
Giacobbe, P., Rakita, U., Penner-Goeke, K., Feffer, K., Flint, A. J., Kennedy, S. H., & Downar, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000486 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Incapable Patients Refusing Treatment
Besse, M., Methfessel, I., Simon, A., Wille, C., & Zilles‐Wegner, D. (2019) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000572 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Court-Approved Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients Unable to Provide Their Own Consent
Dare, F. Y., & Rasmussen, K. G. (2014) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000189 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive practice in Singapore: a cross-sectional national survey
Tor, P. C., Gálvez, V., Ang, A., Fam, J., Chan, H., Tan, S. V., & Loo, C. K. A. (2019) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2019064 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationA Further Decrease in the Rates of Administration of Electroconvulsive Therapy in England
Buley, N., Copland, E., Hodge, S., & Chaplin, R. (2016) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000374 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Involuntary and voluntary electroconvulsive therapy: A case-control study
Finnegan, M., O'Connor, S., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gálvez, V., Li, A., Oxley, C. J., Waite, S., Felice, N. D., Hadži-Pavlović, D., Kumar, D., Page, A. C., Hooke, G. R., & Loo, C. K. A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMauriño, J., Mauriño, J., & Díez, T. (2011) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s24479 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Memory Changes After Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy With Different Electrode Positions
d’Elia, G. (1976) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(76)80009-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wong, V. K. H., Tor, P. C., Martin, D. M., Mok, Y. M., & Loo, C. K. A. (2018) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000519 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationChiu, N.-M., Lee, Y., & Lee, W.-K. (2014) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00203.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy in US Correctional Facilities
Surya, S., McCall, W. V., Iltis, A. S., Rosenquist, P. B., & Hogan, E. (2015) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000263 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ch, C. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mania: A Review of 80 Years of Clinical Experience
Elias, A., Thomas, N., & Sackeïm, H. A. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030238 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Tor, P. C., Tan, X. W., Martin, D. M., & Loo, C. K. A. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.023 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationKaster, T. S., Blumberger, D. M., Gomes, T., Sutradhar, R., Dasklakis, Z. J., Wijeysundera, D. N., & Vigod, S. N. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720935647 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Capacity to consent to treatment in psychiatry inpatients - a systematic review
Curley, A., Watson, C., & Kelly, B. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.2017461 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Takamiya, A., Sienaert, P. A., Gergel, T., Gather, J., Kishimoto, T., & Zilles‐Wegner, D. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Marcó-García, S., Ariyo, K., Owen, G. S., & David, A. S. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000242 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Model for ethical triaging of electroconvulsive therapy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Tor, P.-C., Tan, J. O. A., & Loo, C. K. A. (2020) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.99 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of COVID-19 on Electroconvulsive Therapy
Kwan, E., Le, B., Loo, C. K. A., Dong, V., Tor, P.-C., Davidson, D., Mohan, T. S., Waite, S., Branjerdporn, G., Sarma, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000800 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of cognitive changes in patients with schizophrenia undergoing electroconvulsive therapy
Rajagopalan, A., Lim, K. W. K., Tan, X. W., Martin, D. M., Lee, J., & Tor, P.-C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284579 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDecision-making Capacity for Treatment After Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression
Loughran, O., Finnegan, M., Dud, I., Galligan, T., Kennedy, M., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2021) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000804 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Plahouras, J., Konstantinou, G., Kaster, T. S., Buchman, D. Z., Foussias, G., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa144 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zilles‐Wegner, D., Wasserman, D., Schulze, T. G., Pogarell, O. M., Miskimen, T., Rapaport, M. H., D, P. S. M., Fiorillo, A., Arango, C., & Sartorius, A. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00059-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tan, X. W., Martin, D. M., Lee, J., & Tor, P. C. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050545 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationElectroconvulsive Therapy for Patients With Depression Who Lack Capacity for Consent
Takamiya, A., Bouckaert, F., Sienaert, P. A., Uchida, T., Kudo, S., Yamagata, B., Kishimoto, T., Mimura, M., & Hirano, J. (2021) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000764 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Electroconvulsive therapy and women: An international survey
Morrison, L., Cunliffe, S., Hancock, S., Harrop, C., Johnstone, L., & Read, J. (2025) · Health Care for Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2025.2568222 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia in Forensic Psychiatry
Seamon, A., Groth, C. M., Surya, S., & Rosenquist, P. B. (2022) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000843 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
What Can We Tell About the Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on the Human Hippocampus?
Takamiya, A., Kishimoto, T., & Mimura, M. (2021) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594211044066 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Why You Should Collect Routine Clinical Data for ECT
Tor, P.-C., Barreiros, A. R., Cao, T. V., Dong, V., Brettell, L., Massaneda‐Tuneu, C., Gálvez, V., Waite, S., Sarma, S., Branjerdporn, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000001012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCan brain stimulation enhance cognition in clinical populations? A critical review
Martin, D. M., Berryhill, M. E., & Dielenberg, V. (2022) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-211230 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationElectroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) for mania: Hiding in plain sight
Kellner, C. H. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13693 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Takamiya, A., Sinaert, P., Gergel, T., Gather, J., Kishimoto, T., & Zilles‐Wegner, D. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4173660 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aquadro, E., Rivera, L. A., & Dodd, A. (2022) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2022.100368 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Behandlung von therapieresistenten Psychosen
Zilles‐Wegner, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64465-2_34
Electroconvulsive therapy and autobiographical memory
Scott, R. J., Prowacki, S., & Purushothaman, S. (2025) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2025.2486082
Umetani, N., Misawa, F., & Takeuchi, H. (2026) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000001282
Perera, K., Kim, P., Barcelo, J., Cabrera, D., & Cruz, J. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.114204
- Authors
- Tor, P.-C., Tan, F. J. S., Martin, D., & Loo, C.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Mental Health (SG)
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Tor, Phern-Chern
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 151-157
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3002324017
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- electroconvulsive therapy, decision-making capacity, informed consent, substitute decision-making, schizophrenia, bipolar mania, depression, cognitive outcomes, quality of life, functional outcome, psychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Quality of Life, Schizophrenia, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
