Depression, anxiety and health status across different BMI classes: A representative study in Germany
Abstract
Background Changes in body mass index (BMI) over the course of one's lifetime are related to the development of mental disorders. In the current study we compared symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety as well as general health status in the four BMI-classes: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Furthermore, mediator role of general health status on the relationship between BMI and depression and generalized anxiety was analyzed.Methods A representative sample (random-route sampling) of the German population (N = 2350) was investigated in a cross-sectional survey by measuring the three questionnaires PHQ-9, GAD-7 and EQ-5D-5L.Results The results showed significant differences between the four BMI-classes in all three questionnaires. Individuals with obesity demonstrated higher values in depression, anxiety and general health compared to the three other BMI-classes. However, there was no U-shaped association between BMI and depression, anxiety and health-related quality of life. Regarding to the mediation analysis, general health status fully mediated the association between BMI, depressive symptoms as well as generalized anxiety symptoms.Limitations The assessment of the three factors depression, anxiety and general health status were measured by questionnaires, but no clinical diagnoses can be provided.Conclusions Evidence supports that individuals with obesity have an increased risk for depression and anxiety as well as lower general health. Further research on potential intervention and strategies in public health policies is needed to be able to target the developing of mental disorders in individuals with obesity. Taking their general health status into account is also of great importance.
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On average participants reported higher depressive symptom and anxiety symptom scores than found in previous studies with adults with overweight/obesity.
“Additionally, on average participants reported higher depressive symptom and anxiety symptom scores than found in previous studies with adults with overweight/obesity [40, 41]”
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Pastor-Cisneros, R., Pereira-Payo, D., Denche-Zamorano, Á. M., Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Calzada-Rodríguez, J. I., & Franco-García, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-026-02785-1
- Authors
- Herhaus, B., Kersting, A., Brähler, E., & Petrowski, K.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Herhaus, Benedict
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 276
- Pages
- 45-52
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3041667723
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, health-related quality of life, underweight, overweight, mediation, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Germany, Health Status, Humans, Quality of Life, Body Mass Index
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