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Cited by 542

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Dietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years: The INTERMAP Study

Open access
Anderson, Cheryl A.M., Appel, Lawrence J., Okuda, Nagako, Brown, Ian J., Chan, Queenie, Zhao, Liancheng, Ueshima, Hirotsugu, Kesteloot, Hugo, Miura, Katsuyuki, Curb, J. David, Yoshita, Katsushi, Elliott, Paul, Yamamoto, Monica E., Stamler, Jeremiah·2010·Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Abstract

Public health campaigns in several countries encourage population-wide reduced sodium (salt) intake, but excessive intake remains a major problem. Excessive sodium intake is independently related to adverse blood pressure and is a key factor in the epidemic of prehypertension/ hypertension. Identification of food sources of sodium in modern diets is critical to effective reduction of sodium intake worldwide. We used data from the INTERMAP Study to define major food sources of sodium in diverse East Asian and Western population samples. INTERMAP is an international, cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of 4, 680 individuals ages 40 to 59 years from Japan (four samples), People’s Republic of China (three rural samples), the United Kingdom (two samples), and the United States (eight samples); four in-depth, multipass 24-hour dietary recalls/person were used to identify foods accounting for most dietary sodium intake. In the People’s Republic of China sample, most (76%) dietary sodium was from salt added in home cooking, about 50% less in southern than northern samples. In Japan, most (63%) dietary sodium came from soy sauce (20%), commercially processed fish/seafood (15%), salted soups (15%), and preserved vegetables (13%). Processed foods, including breads/cereals/grains, contributed heavily to sodium intake in the United Kingdom (95%) and the United States (for methodological reasons, underestimated at 71%). To prevent and control prehypertension/hypertension and improve health, efforts to remove excess sodium from diets in rural China should focus on reducing salt in home cooking. To avoid excess sodium intake in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, salt must be reduced in commercially processed foods.

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Metadata

Authors
Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., Okuda, N., Brown, I. J., Chan, Q., Zhao, L., Ueshima, H., Kesteloot, H., Miura, K., Curb, J. D., Yoshita, K., Elliott, P., Yamamoto, M. E., & Stamler, J.
Venue
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-05
Volume
110
Issue
5
Pages
736-745
ISSN
0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2154827444
Cited by
542
References
6
FWCI
21.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Dietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years: The INTERMAP Study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.007
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Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., Okuda, N., Brown, I. J., Chan, Q., Zhao, L., Ueshima, H., Kesteloot, H., Miura, K., Curb, J. D., Yoshita, K., Elliott, P., Yamamoto, M. E., & Stamler, J. (2010). Dietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years: The INTERMAP Study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.007

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