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Cited by 2,705Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsNutritional Studies and DietSodium Intake and Health

Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee

Lichtenstein, Alice H., Appel, Lawrence J., Brands, Michael, Carnethon, Mercedes, Daniels, Stephen, Franch, Harold A., Franklin, Barry, Kris-Etherton, Penny +9 more·2006·Circulation
DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158
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Abstract

Improving diet and lifestyle is a critical component of the American Heart Association's strategy for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in the general population. This document presents recommendations designed to meet this objective. Specific goals are to consume an overall healthy diet; aim for a healthy body weight; aim for recommended levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides; aim for normal blood pressure; aim for a normal blood glucose level; be physically active; and avoid use of and exposure to tobacco products. The recommendations are to balance caloric intake and physical activity to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight; consume a diet rich in vegetables and fruits; choose whole-grain, high-fiber foods; consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week; limit intake of saturated fat to <7% of energy, trans fat to <1% of energy, and cholesterol to <300 mg/day by choosing lean meats and vegetable alternatives, fat-free (skim) or low-fat (1% fat) dairy products and minimize intake of partially hydrogenated fats; minimize intake of beverages and foods with added sugars; choose and prepare foods with little or no salt; if you consume alcohol, do so in moderation; and when you eat food prepared outside of the home, follow these Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.

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Crossref · 10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 98 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    In 1999-2000, average cholesterol intakes for US men and women ages 20-74 were 341 mg and 242 mg per day, respectively.

    “In those same years, average cholesterol intakes for men and women ages 20 to 74 years were 341 mg and 242 mg, respectively.46”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] 46. Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:552-556. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    In 1999-2000, the mean daily saturated fat intake for all age groups in the US was 11.2% of calories.

    “For all age groups of the US population, in 1999 to 2000, the daily mean percentage of calories from saturated fats was 11.2.46”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] 46. Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:552-556. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Added sugars intake rose from 13.1% of energy in 1977-1978 to 16.6% in 1999-2002.

    “The intake of added sugars (sucrose, corn syrup, and high-fructose corn syrup) increased from 13.1% of energy during the period 1977 to 1978 to 16.6% of energy during 1999 to 2002.52,53”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] 52. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [53] 53. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Admin- istration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Nutrition Sub- committee Meeting: Total fat and trans fat; April 27, 2004; Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/transcripts/ 4035t1.htm. Accessed May 18, 2006.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    Between 1977-1978 and 1994-1996, away-from-home food consumption increased from 18% to 32% of calories.

    “Between 1977 to 1978 and 1994 to 1996, consumption of away food increased from 18% to 32% of calories.65”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] 65. Provisional Table on the Nutrient Content of Beverages. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture; 1982. Available at: http://www.nal. usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data. Accessed Feb 1, 2006.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    Mean trans fatty acid intake in the US was estimated at about 2.7% of energy.

    “trans fatty acid intake has been estimated to be Ϸ2.7% of energy.47”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] 47. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Admin- istration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Methylmercury in fish-summary of key findings from focus groups about the methyl- mercury advisory. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/dms/ admehg3g.html. Accessed May 18, 2006.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. 46
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    People who consume large amounts of beverages with added sugars tend to eat more calories and gain weight.

    “Individuals who consume large amounts of beverages with added sugars tend to consume more calories and gain weight.[55][56][57]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55][56][57]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Some trials have found potential harm from antioxidant supplements, including higher lung cancer risk from beta-carotene in smokers and higher heart failure risk and possible higher total mortality from high-dose vitamin E.

    “Some trials, in fact, have documented potential harm, including an increased risk of lung cancer from beta-carotene supplements in smokers and an increased risk of heart failure 70 and the possibility of increased total mortality 71 from high-dose vitamin E supplements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [70] 70. Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL; Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Antioxidant vitamin sup- plements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2004;110:637-641.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Frequent meals at quick-serve restaurants are positively associated with total energy intake, weight gain, and insulin resistance.

    “There is a positive association between frequency of meal consumption at quick-serve restaurants and total energy intake, weight gain, and insulin resistance.67”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] 67. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994 -96: changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002;34:140 -150.

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    About 16% of US children and adolescents are overweight.

    “Overweight and obesity are a particular concern for children as the prevalence of overweight is now Ϸ16% for children and adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Body weight at age 18 and weight gain after age 18 track with later risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

    “Data indicate that body weight at 18 years tracks with subsequent risk of developing CVD and diabetes, as does weight gain after 18 years of age.12”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Galuska DA, Dietz WH. Trends and correlates of class 3 obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1758 -1761.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trans fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol slightly less than saturated fatty acids; saturated fatty acids raise HDL cholesterol but trans fatty acids do not.

    “Trans fatty acids tend to increase LDL cholesterol levels slightly less than saturated fatty acids, whereas saturated fatty acids increase HDL cholesterol concentrations but trans fatty acids do not.16”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutri. 2005;82:222S-225S. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Healthy dietary patterns are linked to substantially lower risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and noncardiovascular diseases.

    “These data have documented that healthy dietary patterns are associated with a substantially reduced risk of CVD, 4 CVD risk factors, 5,6 and noncardiovascular diseases.7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. US Department of Health and Human Services; US Department of Agri- culture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. 6th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2005.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [5] 5. Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gilman MW, Lich- tenstein AH, Rattay KT, Steinberger J, Stettler N, Van Horn L; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommen- dations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;112: 2061-2075. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] 6. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE proj- ect. JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] 7. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja JA clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117-1124. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Excess body weight worsens cardiovascular risk factors (raises LDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, glucose; lowers HDL) and raises risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and arrhythmias.

    “Excess body weight adversely affects CVD risk factors (eg, increasing low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, blood pressure [BP], and blood glucose levels, and reducing high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol levels) and increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and cardiac arrhythmias.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] 11. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2005 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2005. Available at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml!identifierϭ1928. Accessed May 31, 2006.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For people without diabetes, losing weight and being more active may postpone and perhaps prevent diabetes.

    “In nondiabetic individuals, weight loss and increased physical activity can delay the onset of and possibly prevent diabetes.22,23”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guide- lines: new challenges of the old problem. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164: 2126 -2134. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] 23. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM; American Heart Association. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension. A scientific statement from the American Heart Asso- ciation. Hypertension. 2006;47:296. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The estimate of current trans fat intake is crude because intakes are likely changing.

    “This number should only be considered a crude estimate because it is likely current intakes are shifting, in part prompted by the new trans fatty acid labeling requirement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Lower sodium intake can prevent hypertension in nonhypertensive people, lower blood pressure in people taking antihypertensive medication, and help control hypertension.

    “A reduced sodium intake can prevent hypertension in nonhypertensive individuals, can lower BP in the setting of antihypertensive medication, and can facilitate hypertension control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nearly 23% of US adults smoke, with the highest rates in American Indian/Alaskan Native women and the lowest in Asian women.

    “Nearly 23% of US adults smoke, with the highest rates in American Indian/ Alaskan Native women (37%) and the lowest rates in Asian women (7%).9”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] 9. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:201-209.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Additional benefits are likely if activity levels exceed the minimum recommendation.

    “Additional benefits will likely be derived if activity levels exceed this minimum recommendation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    No blood pressure threshold exists; cardiovascular risk rises progressively across the entire blood pressure range, including prehypertension.

    “Notably, no evidence of a BP threshold exists-that is, the risk of CVD increases progressively throughout the range of BP, including the prehypertensive range (a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg).19”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] 19. Wilson PW, Grundy SM. The metabolic syndrome: a practical guide to origins and treatment: part II. Circulation. 2003;108:1537-1540.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lower sodium intake is associated with a smaller age-related rise in systolic blood pressure and lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events and congestive heart failure.

    “A reduced sodium intake is associated with a blunted age-related rise in systolic BP and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events and congestive heart failure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Alcohol has a higher caloric density than protein and carbohydrate and provides additional empty calories.

    “Individuals who choose to consume alcoholic beverages should also be aware that alcohol has a higher caloric density than protein and carbohydrate and is a source of additional “empty” calories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Preventing weight gain after childhood requires matching calorie intake to energy expenditure.

    “To avoid weight gain after childhood, individuals must control calorie intake so that energy balance is achievedthat is, energy intake matches energy expenditure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations are moderately inversely related, and high triglycerides share mainly the same determinants as low HDL.

    “In general, a moderate inverse relationship exists between triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations, and determinants of high triglycerides are mainly the same as those of low HDL cholesterol.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486 -2497. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diets high in potassium lower blood pressure and reduce the blood-pressure-raising effect of higher sodium intake.

    “Diets rich in potassium lower BP and also blunt the BP-raising effects of an increased sodium intake.59”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] 59. Ariza AJ, Chen EH, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK. Risk factors for over- weight in five-to six-year-old Hispanic-American children: a pilot study. J Urban Health. 2004;81:150 -161. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Large portion sizes and high energy density are common in away-from-home food.

    “Large portion sizes and high energy density are common features of away food.66”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] 66. Pearson TA. Alcohol and heart disease. Circulation. 1996;94:3023-3025.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Regular fish consumption may facilitate displacement of foods higher in saturated and trans fats.

    “In addition to providing EPA and DHA, regular fish consumption may facilitate the displacement of other foods higher in saturated and trans fatty acids from the diet, such as fatty meats and full-fat dairy products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary patterns high in whole grains and fiber are associated with increased diet quality and decreased cardiovascular disease risk.

    “Dietary patterns that are high in whole-grain products and fiber have been associated with increased diet quality and decreased risk of CVD.34”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] 34. Bazzano LA, Serdula MK, Liu S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003;5: 492-499. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Observational studies have linked high intakes of antioxidant vitamins from food and supplements to lower CVD risk, but clinical trials of antioxidant vitamin supplements have not confirmed benefit.

    “Although observational studies have suggested that high intakes of antioxidant vitamins from food and supplements are associated with a lower risk of CVD, clinical trials of antioxidant vitamin supplements have not confirmed benefit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soluble fiber may increase short-chain fatty acid synthesis, reducing endogenous cholesterol production.

    “Soluble fiber may increase short-chain fatty acid synthesis, thereby reducing endogenous cholesterol production.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] 41. Erkkilä AT, Herrington DM, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH. Cereal fiber and whole-grain intake are associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2005;150:94 -101. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier research suggested clinically important favorable effects of soy protein on LDL cholesterol and other CVD risk factors, but studies from the past 5 years have not confirmed those results.

    “Although earlier research has suggested that soy protein has clinically important favorable effects on LDL cholesterol levels and other CVD risk factors, studies reported during the past 5 years have not confirmed those results.72”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] 72. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais GR; HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:1338 -1347.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular risk factors and lowers risk of other chronic diseases.

    “Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular risk factors (BP, lipid profiles, and blood sugar) and lowers the risk of developing other chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, depression, and cancer of the breast and colon.25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] 25. Lindstrom J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Rastas M, Salminen V, Eriksson J, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): lifestyle inter- vention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3230 -3236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diets rich in vegetables and fruits lower blood pressure and improve other cardiovascular risk factors in short-term randomized trials.

    “Regardless, diets rich in vegetables and fruits have been shown to lower BP and improve other CVD risk factors in short-term randomized trials.5,6,31”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] 5. Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gilman MW, Lich- tenstein AH, Rattay KT, Steinberger J, Stettler N, Van Horn L; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommen- dations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;112: 2061-2075. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] 6. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE proj- ect. JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [31] 31. Filozof C, Fernandez Pinilla MC, Fernandez-Cruz A. Smoking cessation and weight gain. Obes Rev. 2004;5:95-103.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because sodium intake and blood pressure show a progressive dose-response relationship, a recommended upper sodium level could be as low as 1.5 g/day.

    “Because of the progressive dose-response relationship between sodium intake and BP, it is difficult to set a recommended upper level of sodium intake, which could be as low as 1.5 g/d (65 mmol/d).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In US adults, 27% have hypertension and 31% have prehypertension according to NHANES 1999-2000.

    “According to the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999 -2000), 27% of adult Americans have hypertension (systolic BP Ն140 mm Hg, diastolic BP Ն90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medication), and another 31% have prehypertension.20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] 20. Howard BV, Ruotolo G, Robbins DC. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Endo- crinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:855-867. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Subgroups in the US population probably have higher or lower trans fat intakes depending on their usual dietary practices.

    “Subgroups within the population are likely to have higher or lower intakes based on their habitual dietary practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In the current US diet, animal fats are the main sources of saturated fatty acids, and partially hydrogenated fats used in commercially fried and baked products are the main sources of trans fatty acids.

    “In the current US diet, the major sources of saturated fatty acids are animal fats (meat and dairy), and the primary sources of trans fatty acids are partially hydrogenated fats used to prepare commercially fried and baked products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary modifications that lower blood pressure include reduced salt, weight loss, alcohol moderation, increased potassium, and the DASH diet.

    “Dietary modifications that lower BP are reduced salt intake, caloric deficit to induce weight loss, moderation of alcohol consumption (among those who drink), increased potassium intake, and consumption of an overall healthy diet, based on the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.5”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] 5. Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gilman MW, Lich- tenstein AH, Rattay KT, Steinberger J, Stettler N, Van Horn L; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommen- dations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;112: 2061-2075. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Higher intake of dietary cholesterol and greater body weight both show a positive association with LDL cholesterol.

    “To a lesser extent, dietary cholesterol and excess body weight are positively related to levels of LDL cholesterol.15”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Hill JO, Thompson H, Wyatt H. Weight maintenance: what's missing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(suppl 1):S63-S66.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Regular physical activity is essential for physical and cardiovascular fitness, healthy weight, and sustaining weight loss.

    “Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining physical and cardiovascular fitness, maintaining healthy weight, and sustaining weight loss once achieved.24”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] 24. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or met- formin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insoluble fiber is associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk and slower progression in high-risk individuals.

    “Insoluble fiber has been associated with decreased CVD risk 36 -38 and slower progression of CVD in high-risk individuals.39”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [36] 36. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2002;288:2569 -2578. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] 37. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:30 -42. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] 38. Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:370 -376. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] 39. Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:412-419.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The association between moderate alcohol intake and fewer cardiovascular events is seen with wine and with other alcoholic beverages.

    “This association is not only found with wine but also with other alcoholic beverages.61,62”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [61] 61. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3-10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] 62. Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Davis D. Blood pressure is linked to salt intake and modulated by the angiotensinogen gene in normotensive and hyper- tensive elderly subjects. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1053-1060. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alcohol can be addictive, and high intake can be linked to serious health and social harms, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, liver damage, physical abuse, vehicular and work accidents, and higher breast cancer risk.

    “Alcohol can be addictive, and high intake can be associated with serious adverse health and social consequences, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, liver damage, physical abuse, vehicular and work accidents, and increased risk of breast cancer.2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] 2. Ten-Year Risk Assessment Tool: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/atpiii/ riskcalc.htm BMI Calculator: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/bmi_palm.htm Obesity Education Initiative Guidelines Implementation Tool: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/obgdpalm.htm Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 (In addition to the guide- lines, link contains several other links to tools and other resources on diet and physical activity.): http://www.healthierus.gov/ dietaryguidelines USDA National Nutrient Database (nutrient content of individual foods): http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data What You Need to Know About Mercury in

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Evidence for a direct cardiovascular benefit from soy protein products replacing dairy or other proteins, or from isoflavone supplements, is minimal.

    “Evidence of a direct cardiovascular health benefit from consuming soy protein products instead of dairy or other proteins or of isoflavone supplements is minimal.71,72”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] 71. Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a ran- domized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:56 -65. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [72] 72. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais GR; HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:1338 -1347.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Atherosclerosis is a chronic process that begins in youth.

    “Atherosclerosis is a chronic process beginning in youth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A very large amount of soy protein, more than half of daily protein intake, may lower LDL cholesterol by a few percentage points when it replaces dairy protein or a mixture of animal proteins, but the data come mainly from hypercholesterolemic individuals.

    “A very large amount of soy protein, comprising more than half of daily protein intake, may lower LDL cholesterol levels by a few percentage points when it replaces dairy protein or a mixture of animal proteins, but data are mainly from hypercholesterolemic individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The current environment encourages overconsumption of calories and discourages energy expenditure.

    “In brief, it is well recognized that the current environment encourages overconsumption of calories and discourages expenditure of energy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To maintain LDL cholesterol reductions from plant stanols/sterols, people need to consume them daily.

    “To sustain LDL cholesterol reductions from these products, individuals need to consume them daily, just as they would use lipid-lowering medication.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Multiple factors are responsible for the obesity epidemic, and the best strategy to stop it will be multifactorial.

    “Such findings reinforce the belief that multiple factors are responsible for the obesity epidemic and that the optimal strategy to arrest the epidemic will be multifactorial.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Most compounds in the flavonoid and sulfur-containing categories are not well characterized, and their mechanisms of action are not established.

    “Within these categories are multiple possible compounds, most of which are not well characterized and whose modes of action are not established.83”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] 83. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen MJ, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Held C, Genest J Jr; Heart Outcomes Pre- vention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354: 1567-1577.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Environmental factors contributing to excess calorie intake include larger portion sizes, high-calorie foods, and easy access to plentiful inexpensive food.

    “Environmental factors that contribute to excess calorie intake are increased portion sizes, high-calorie foods, and easy access to plentiful inexpensive food.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Environmental factors that discourage physical activity include an automobile-oriented environment, few cues promoting activity, many cues discouraging activity, poor pedestrian infrastructure, lack of sidewalks and safety features, and poor street aesthetics.

    “Environmental factors that discourage physical activity include an environment that encourages automobile use rather than walking and that has few cues to promote activity and numerous cues that discourage activity (eg, poor pedestrian infrastructure, lack of sidewalks and other safety features, and poor street aesthetics).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Chronic kidney disease is associated with a high prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidemia (especially hypertriglyceridemia), and hypertension.

    “CKD is associated with a high prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidemia (especially hypertriglyceridemia), and hypertension.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Children can follow a diet consistent with the AHA 2006 recommendations, maintain appropriate growth, and lower future CVD risk.

    “Children can eat a diet consistent with the AHA 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations and maintain appropriate growth while lowering risk for future CVD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Available evidence is inadequate to recommend folate and other B vitamin supplements for reducing CVD risk at this time.

    “Available evidence is inadequate to recommend folate and other B vitamin supplements as a means to reduce CVD risk at this time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Older adults have lower energy needs while their vitamin and mineral requirements stay the same or increase.

    “Because they have decreased energy needs while their vitamin and mineral requirements remain constant or increase, however, older individuals should be counseled to select nutrient-dense choices within each food group.90”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] 90. Mozaffarian D, Longstreth WT Jr, Lemaitre RN, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Siscovick DS. Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165: 200 -206. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic kidney disease precedes end-stage kidney disease and substantially raises CVD risk, at least partly through diet-related CVD risk factors.

    “CKD, which precedes end-stage kidney disease, substantially increases the risk of CVD, at least in part through diet-related CVD risk factors.93”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] 93. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr, Spertus JA, Costa F; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Lifestyle modifications can effectively control CVD risk factors and lower CVD risk.

    “Importantly, lifestyle modifications can effectively control CVD risk factors and lower CVD risk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The environment strongly influences whether people consume excess calories, follow a healthy diet, and are physically active.

    “Still, the environment has a powerful influence on whether people consume excess calories, follow a healthy diet, and are physically active.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A substantial and expanding body of evidence links several aspects of diet to the pathogenesis of CVD and its risk factors.

    “A substantial and expanding body of evidence has implicated several aspects of diet in the pathogenesis of CVD and its risk factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Achieving the AHA objectives will require both individual behavior change and substantial societal environmental changes.

    “Accomplishing these objectives will require individuals to change their behavior and society to make substantial environmental changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because many factors contributing to obesity are beyond individual control, substantial environmental changes will be required.

    “Because many of these factors are beyond the control of individuals (eg, size of portions served in restaurants, lack of information on calorie content at point of purchase, presence of sidewalks, adequate streetlights after dark), substantial changes to the environment will be required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ample clinical trial evidence indicates that older adults can make and sustain lifestyle changes, perhaps more than younger adults.

    “Also, ample evidence from clinical trials indicates that older-aged persons can make and sustain lifestyle changes, perhaps more so than younger adults.86,87”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] 86. Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:237-246.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [87] 87. Grundy SM. Stanol esters as a component of maximal dietary therapy in the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III report. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:47D-50D.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Diet in youth is associated with CVD outcomes later in life, and lifestyle habits in youth track into adulthood.

    “Furthermore, because diet in youth is associated with the occurrence of CVD outcomes later in life and because lifestyle habits in youth track into adulthood, adoption of a healthy diet and lifestyle at early ages is recommended.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The obesity epidemic highlights the importance of primary prevention in children so that poor diet and lifestyle behaviors do not become habits.

    “Furthermore, the obesity epidemic highlights the importance of primary prevention efforts in children so that adverse diet and lifestyle behaviors do not become habits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Flavonoids and sulfur-containing compounds found in fruits and vegetables may be important in reducing atherosclerosis risk.

    “Flavonoids and sulfur-containing compounds are classes of compounds found in fruits and vegetables that may be important in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
60 of 60

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The AHA 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations are appropriate for the general public, including adults and children over 2 years of age.

    “The recommendations (Table 2) are appropriate for the general public, including adults and children over 2 years of age.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The general recommendations can generally be applied to clinical management of patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease.

    “The general recommendations contained in this document generally can be applied to the clinical management of patients with or at risk for CVD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diet and lifestyle therapies remain the foundation of clinical intervention for prevention.

    “Although great advances have been made in prevention and treatment of CVD through drug therapies and procedures, diet and lifestyle therapies remain the foundation of clinical intervention for prevention.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle offers the greatest potential of all known approaches for reducing cardiovascular disease risk in the general public.

    “Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle offers the greatest potential of all known approaches for reducing the risk for CVD in the general public.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For middle-aged and older men and postmenopausal women, the benefits of eating fish outweigh the potential risks when intake stays within FDA and EPA recommendations.

    “For middle-aged and older men and postmenopausal women, the benefits of fish consumption far outweigh the potential risks when amounts of fish are eaten within the recommendations established by the FDA and Environmental Protection Agency.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    An interim sodium intake of 2.3 g/day is achievable.

    “In the interim, an achievable recommendation is 2.3 g/d (100 mmol/d).”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Diets that successfully cause weight loss can emphasize a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions that also improve cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors.

    “In conclusion, diets that are successful in causing weight loss can emphasize a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions that have beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.29,40”

    From Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (2009) · cites this paper as [29]

    The section “Balance Calorie Intake and Physical Activity to Achieve or Maintain a Healthy Body Weight” (page unavailable) says macronutrient composition has little effect on energy balance unless it changes total energy intake or expenditure. The paper also links healthy weight and diet to cardiovascular risk, but it does not establish that weight-loss diets across a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions all improve both cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Diets rich in high-glycemic-index, low-fiber foods independently increase the risk of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

    “Most studies show that diets rich in highglycemic-index, low-fiber foods independently increase the risk of both CV disease and type 2 diabetes (19,21).”

    From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [19]

    The “Choose Whole-Grain, High-Fiber Foods” section (page unavailable) associates higher fiber intake with lower CVD risk, supporting the fiber–CVD portion. It does not say that high-glycemic-index, low-fiber diets independently increase risk of both CVD and type 2 diabetes; the “Aim for a Normal Blood Glucose Level” section discusses diabetes prevention through weight loss and physical activity instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Traditional Mediterranean and Okinawan diets, rich in minimally processed natural foods that are low in caloric density but high in nutrient density, are associated with improved cardiovascular health and longevity.

    “The traditional Mediterranean and the Okinawan diets, which are rich in minimally processed natural foods that are low in caloric density but high in nutrient density, have been associated with improved CV health and longevity (1,19).”

    From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [19]

    The “Consume an Overall Healthy Diet” section (page unavailable) says healthy dietary patterns are associated with reduced CVD risk, while “Consume a Diet Rich in Vegetables and Fruits” describes nutrient-rich, low-calorie foods and lower CVD risk. The paper does not establish those characteristics or the claimed cardiovascular and longevity associations for both traditional Mediterranean and Okinawan diets; it does not discuss the Okinawan diet. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Diets that include large amounts of fresh unprocessed plants, moderate lean protein and beneficial fats, low processed carbohydrates and saturated/trans fats, and abundant antioxidants substantially improve postprandial glucose and lipid levels.

    “Specifically, diets that include large amounts of fresh unprocessed plants, with moderate levels of lean protein and beneficial fats (such as omega-3 and monounsaturated fats) and low levels of processed carbohydrates and saturated and trans fats, and that are rich in antioxidants substantially improve post-prandial glucose and lipid levels (19).”

    From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Abstract and Food choices and preparation section recommend vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, lean meats, and limiting added sugars and saturated and trans fats. But the sections on blood glucose and lipids discuss fasting glucose and general lipid measures, not a substantial improvement in postprandial glucose and lipid levels from the specified diet. The copy also does not establish an antioxidant-rich diet as the cause of that claimed effect. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Traditional Mediterranean and Okinawan eating patterns that include these foods and beverages reduce inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

    “Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate that eating patterns, such as the traditional Mediterranean or Okinawan diets, that incorporate these types of foods and beverages reduce inflammation and cardiovascular risk.”

    From Dietary Strategies for Improving Post-Prandial Glucose, Lipids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Health (2008) · cites this paper as [19]

    The “Consume an Overall Healthy Diet” section (page unavailable) says observational studies and clinical trials associate healthy dietary patterns with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. It does not establish that traditional Mediterranean and Okinawan diets reduce inflammation or cardiovascular risk; Mediterranean diet appears in a reference, while Okinawan diet and inflammation are not addressed in the passages found. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. 10.1161/circ.102.18.2284 · DOI
  2. 10.1161/circ.96.9.3243 · DOI
  3. Passive smoke nearly as bad for heart as smoking [press release]. Dallas Tex: American Heart Association Public and Media Relations; 2005.
  4. 10.1161/circ.103.3.472 · DOI
  5. 10.1161/circ.94.11.3023 · DOI
  6. 10.1161/circ.99.1.178 · DOI
  7. 10.1161/circ.95.11.2591 · DOI
  8. 10.1161/circ.98.9.935 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., Karanja, N., Lefevre, M., Rudel, L., Sacks, F., Van Horn, L., Winston, M., & Wylie-Rosett, J.
Affiliations
  • American Heart Association (US)
  • General Department of Preventive Medicine (VN)
ORCID
Venue
Circulation
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2006-07-04
Volume
114
Issue
1
Pages
82-96
ISSN
  • 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4539
DOI
10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158
OpenAlex
W2131828349
Cited by
2,705
References
99
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 130 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 181 · 2014: 200 · 2013: 219 · 2012: 240
FWCI
125.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Circulation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
American Heart Association
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Keywords
cardiovascular disease prevention, dietary recommendations, lifestyle advice, healthy weight, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, blood glucose, physical activity, tobacco use, saturated fat, trans fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, whole grains, fish consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, sugar consumption, sodium intake, alcohol consumption, energy intake
MeSH terms
Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Health Education, Humans, Life Style, Health Behavior, Risk Reduction Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-27.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-27.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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