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Maternal Stress in Pregnancy: Considerations for Fetal Development
Open accessAbstract
There is significant current interest in the degree to which prenatal exposures, including maternal psychological factors, influence child outcomes. Studies that detect an association between prenatal maternal psychological distress and child developmental outcomes are subject to a number of interpretative challenges in the inference of causality. Some of these are common to many types of prenatal exposures that must necessarily rely on observational designs. Such challenges include the correlation between prenatal and postnatal exposures and the potential role of other sources of shared influence, such as genetic factors. Others are more specific to this area of research. These include confounding between maternal report of child outcomes and the maternal psychological attributes under study, difficulties in distinguishing maternal stress from more ubiquitous aspects of maternal personality, and the lack of association between cortisol and measures of maternal psychological stress. This article considers these methodological issues and offers an additional methodology focused on fetal neurobehavior for discerning potential mechanisms that may mediate associations between maternal psychological functioning and the developing fetal nervous system.
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“This is in keeping with a large body of research showing that maternal physiology, particularly stress (85–87) and nutrition (88–90), can greatly impact the neural and behavioral development of offspring.”
From Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as [87]
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Metadata
- Authors
- DiPietro, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- DiPietro, Janet A.
- ORCID
- DiPietro, Janet A.
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- S3-S8
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3402207
- OpenAlex
- W2111026616
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 15.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (NICHD 2 R01 HD27592-18)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD027592)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- maternal stress, pregnancy, fetal development, child development outcomes, causal inference, confounding, maternal personality, cortisol, fetal neurobehavior, fetal nervous system, prenatal exposure
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Prenatal Care, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Stress, Psychological, Maternal-Fetal Relations, Fetal Development
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