The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation
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There is an inverted U-shape relationship between task load and performance.
“There is an inverted U-shape relationship between task load and performance as proposed by Yerkes and Dodson (1908).”
From The Analysis of Occurrences Associated with Air Traffic Volume and Air Traffic Controllers’ Alertness for Fatigue Risk Management (2021) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
With task loads increasing from easy to complex, an individual's performance will increase up to a certain point after which performance starts to decrease at the point of overloading.
“With task loads increasing from easy to complex, an individual's performance will increase up to a certain point after which performance starts to decrease at the point of overloading.”
From The Analysis of Occurrences Associated with Air Traffic Volume and Air Traffic Controllers’ Alertness for Fatigue Risk Management (2021) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted-U relationship between arousal (stress) and task performance, with optimal performance at intermediate levels.
“The Yerkes-Dodson law [Yerkes and Dodson, 1908, Diamond et al., 2007] describes an inverted-U relationship between arousal (stress) and task performance: too little arousal leads to disengagement, too much leads to anxiety and performance collapse, and optimal performance occurs at intermediate levels.”
From The Yerkes-Dodson Curve for AI Agents: Emergent Cooperation Under Environmental Pressure in Multi-Agent LLM Simulations (2026) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
Differing levels of arousal or stress may result in contrasting effects on memory, with some research suggesting an inverted U relationship as posited by the Yerkes-Dodson law.
“Importantly, di ff ering levels of arousal or stress may result in contrasting e ff ects on memory, with some research suggesting an inverted U relationship as posited by the Yerkes-Dodson law (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908; e.g., Andreano & Cahill, 2006; Gagnon & Wagner, 2016; McCullough et al., 2015; Metcalfe et al., 2019).”
From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Yerkes & Dodson, 1908
Yerkes and Dodson showed that in a simple visual discrimination task, rate of learning improved linearly with increased shock intensity, and in a more difficult task, an intermediate shock intensity produced more efficient learning than the highest intensity.
“These investigators showed that when mice were trained in a simple, that is, black/white, visual discrimination task to avoid shock, their rate of learning improved linearly with an increase in the intensity of the shock. When mice were trained in a more difficult, that is, black/gray, visual discrimination task, their rate of learning was more efficient with an intermediate intensity of shock”
From The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law (2007) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson [38]
Different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance.
“However, different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance [42].”
From Dawn simulation light impacts on different cognitive domains under sleep restriction (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
Several relationships between sport performance and anxiety have been hypothesised, with the inverted U perhaps the most influential.
“Several relationships between sport performance and anxiety have been hypothesised, with the inverted U (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908) – the idea that that increased anxiety is facilitative to a certain point and then becomes debilitative – perhaps the most influential.”
From Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Psychological Skills Training (PST): a case study (2025) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and cognitive performance, with task-directed behaviour being negatively affected by too low or too high levels of arousal and requiring optimal regulation to achieve good performance.
“The well-known Yerkes-Dodson law (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908) describes an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and cognitive performance, with task-directed behaviour being negatively affected by too low or too high levels of arousal and requiring optimal regulation to achieve good performance.”
From Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
The stronger learning effect from CP training can be attributed to the Yerkes-Dodson law.
“an effect that can be credited to the Yerkes-Dodson law (20).”
From Noninvasive neuroimaging enhances continuous neural tracking for robotic device control (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
The inverted-U relation between stress and executive functions is a neural-level expression of the arousal-performance relation first described by Yerkes and Dodson.
“The inverted U relation between stress levels and EFs is a manifestation at the neural level of the relation between arousal and performance that Yerkes and Dodson (1908) first described.”
From Stress and the development of self-regulation in context (2010) · cites this paper as Yerkes & Dodson, 1908
In the Yerkes-Dodson principle, moderate arousal improves performance on complex tasks, while very high or very low arousal impairs it.
“In the Yerkes-Dodson principle, arousal at moderate levels increases performance on complex tasks but at very high or very low levels impairs performance.”
From Stress and the development of self-regulation in context (2010) · cites this paper as Yerkes & Dodson, 1908
A certain level of arousal and/or stress supports optimal performance.
“It is well-established that a certain level of arousal and/or stress is conducive for optimal performance”
From The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism (2009) · cites this paper as [53]
Excessive arousal/stress can reduce performance.
“however, excessive elevation can result in reduced performance [53].”
From The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism (2009) · cites this paper as [53]
For simple tasks, increases in performance may be observed with nearly all increases in arousal or stress, resulting in a more linear relationship between arousal and performance.
“Indeed, in the case of simple tasks (e.g. those that do not require high level cognition), increases in performance may be observed with nearly all increases in arousal or stress, thereby resulting in a more linear relationship between arousal and performance (Diamond et al., 2007; Yerkes and Dodson, 1908).”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
Increases in arousal/stress from low to moderate levels can facilitate performance on a difficult behavioral task, whereas further increases from moderate to severe can impair performance.
“More than a century ago, Robert Yerkes and John Dodson (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908) proposed that increases in arousal/stress from low to moderate levels can facilitate performance on a difficult behavioral task, whereas further increases from moderate to severe can impair performance.”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
If arousal is high or if one is fatigued or preoccupied, then the executive burden is elevated and regulation may be difficult.
“If arousal is high or if one is fatigued or preoccupied, then the executive burden is elevated (e.g., Killgore, 2010; Yerkes & Dodson, 1908) and regulation may be difficult.”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Yerkes & Dodson, 1908
The inverted U shaped association between academic anxiety and first year performance is consistent with arousal theory.
“This is consistent with arousal theory, which postulates that people perform best at an optimal level of arousal.15”
From Factors associated with success in medical school: systematic review of the literature (2002) · cites this paper as [15]
Arousal theory postulates that people perform best at an optimal level of arousal.
“This is consistent with arousal theory, which postulates that people perform best at an optimal level of arousal.15”
From Factors associated with success in medical school: systematic review of the literature (2002) · cites this paper as [15]
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Self-citationA QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FARADIC STIMULATION. —I. THE VARIABLE FACTORS INVOLVED
Martin, É. (1908) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1908.22.1.61 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1908-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 459-482
- ISSN
- 0092-7015 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-7149
- OpenAlex
- W1974975426
- Cited by
- 6,911
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 361 · 2025: 383 · 2024: 359 · 2023: 366 · 2022: 330 · 2021: 357 · 2020: 307 · 2019: 291 · 2018: 285 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 288 · 2015: 259 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 263 · 2012: 234
- FWCI
- 8.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zenodo.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- stimulus strength, habit formation, learning rate, stimulus-response associations, habituation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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