The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The WHO-5 well-being index – validation based on item response theory and the analysis of measurement invariance across 35 countries
Open accessAbstract
The five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a frequently used brief standard measure in large-scale cross-cultural clinical studies. Despite its frequent use, some psychometric questions remain that concern the choice of an adequate item response theory (IRT) model, the evaluation of reliability at important cutoff points, and most importantly the assessment of measurement invariance across countries. Data from the 6th European Working Condition survey (2015) were used that collected nationally representative samples of employed and self-employed individuals (N = 43,469) via computer-aided personal interviews across 35 European countries. An in-depth IRT analysis was conducted for each country, testing different IRT assumptions (e.g., unidimensionality), comparing different IRT-models, and calculating reliabilities. Furthermore, measurement invariance analysis was conducted with the recently proposed alignment procedure. The graded response model fitted the data best for all countries. Furthermore, IRT assumptions were mostly fulfilled. The WHO-5 showed overall and at critical points high reliability. Measurement invariance analysis revealed metric invariance but discarded scalar invariance across countries. Analysis of the test characteristic curves of the aligned graded response model indicated low levels of differential test functioning at medium levels of the WHO-5, but differential test functioning increased at more extreme levels. The current study has no external criterion (e.g., structured clinical interviews) to assess sensitivity and specificity of the WHO-5 as a depression screening-tool. The WHO-5 is a psychometrically sound measure. However, large-scale cross-cultural studies should employ a latent variable modeling approach that accounts for non-invariant parameters across countries (e.g., alignment).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A vast set of literature supports the validity and reliability of the measure in several populations [42-45].”
From A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Chatbot (Otis) for Health Anxiety Management: Mixed Methods Pilot Study (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
A new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879 · cited 1×
“In a next step, the ifferent IRT models (i.e., PCM, GPCM, GRM) were compared using the kaike information criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1974 ) and the Bayesian inormation criterion (BIC; Schwarz, 1978 ) as well as their sample size djusted variants to determine which model fitted the data best.”
MethodEstimating the Dimension of a Model
Schwarz, G. (1978) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136 · Cited by 47,033 · cited 1×
“In a next step, the ifferent IRT models (i.e., PCM, GPCM, GRM) were compared using the kaike information criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1974 ) and the Bayesian inormation criterion (BIC; Schwarz, 1978 ) as well as their sample size djusted variants to determine which model fitted the data best.”
MethodPrinciples and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,094
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965 · cited 1×
“Statistical analysis To test the unidimensionality assumption required for the applicaion of IRT models, parallel analysis ( Horn, 1965 ) and minimum average artial method ( Velicer, 1976 ) with principal component analysis and olychoric correlations were used that have been found to work well ith…”
MethodLikelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses
Vuong, Q. H. (1989) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912557 · Cited by 5,929 · cited 1×
“Moreover, the uong test ( Vuong, 1989 ) was used that has been found to reliably dis- inguish between the GRM and GPCM ( Schneider et al., 2019 ).”
MethodAssessing Measurement Invariance in Cross‐National Consumer Research
Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209528 · Cited by 4,760
The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of the literature
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000376585 · Cited by 4,708
A Rasch model for partial credit scoring
Masters, G. N. (1982) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02296272 · Cited by 3,782 · cited 1×
“Many tudies on the psychometric properties of the WHO-5 apply the partial redit model (PCM; also called ordinal Rasch model; Masters, 1982 ) that ssumes a constant discrimination parameter across items.”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 88 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Eurofound (Ed.)., 2017. European quality of life survey 2016: quality of life, quality of public services, and quality of society. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 245
Moore, D. W., & Kreis, M. C. (2021) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v13n4p81 · Cited by 4
“…that meet the criteria for configural, metric, and scalar invariance, it is also not unusual for instruments to fail to meet the criterion for scalar invariance (Lin et al., 2021; Sischka et al., 2020; Sorrel et al., 2021; Svetina et al., 2020; Vandenburg & Lance, 2000; Yap et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBhattacharya, A., & Tandon, A. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22914 · Cited by 4
Lotzin, A., & Laskowsky, I. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01426-8 · Cited by 4
“The WHO-5 has been shown to be a reliable and valid measurement tool in a variety of settings (e.g., [16, 27, 32]).”
MethodSarkar, A., & Pujara, T. (2025) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2025.2457847 · Cited by 5
“2015b, Sischka et al .”
Brisson, R. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2569138 · Cited by 3
“However, little is known about the measurement invariance of the WHO-5 (Carrozzino et al., 2022; Caycho-Rodríguez et al., 2023; Jami & Kemmelmeier, 2020; Sischka et al., 2020).”
Haro, J. L., ́Sánchez, A. I. A., Chávez, L. F. J. G., Zavalza, A. R. P., & Gómez-Varela, J. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-01104-5 · Cited by 4
“Scores below 50 indicate poor mental well-being [26].”
Iversen, H. H., Kjøllesdal, M. K. R., Ellingsen‐Dalskau, L. H., Haugum, M., & Bjertnaes, O. (2025) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-04104-9 · Cited by 3
“However, recent literature indicates that measurement properties of the WHO-5 are not entirely invariant across popu - lations and settings [12, 13 ], and findings from psychiatric samples suggest that score distributions and cut-offs may vary [21, 23].”
InfluentialGıovanıs, E., Özdamar, B., & Özdamar, Ö. (2026) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-09-2025-0245 · Cited by 7
Auweiler, L., Lang, J., Thissen, M., & Pauli, R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152115410 · Cited by 5
“WHO-5 measurements are language invariant [60] and have been shown to provide reliable and valid measures of well-being [61].”
BackgroundAdvancing social prescribing in Singapore: an update on progress
Nah, J. Q. H., Seah, S. S. Y., Low, L. L., & Lee, K. H. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101159 · Cited by 3
“11,12 The questionnaire has been used in studies to understand the psychological wellbeing of community dwelling older adults in Singapore.”
Method“The very process made me happier!” Is pleasure research an affective intervention?
Kozlowski, D., Provost, S., & Kern, M. L. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2394441 · Cited by 3
“The WHO-5 is a reliable and psychometrically sound measure (Sischka et al., 2020) suitable for screening of depressive symptoms (Omani-Samani et al., 2020) and is reflective of subjective well-being (Topp et al., 2015).”
Koch, A. K., Schröter, M., Berschick, J., Schiele, J. K., Bogdanski, M., Steinmetz, M., Stritter, W., Voss, A., Seifert, G., & Keßler, C. S. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08491-1 · Cited by 4
“Validity and reliability of the WHO-5 have been demonstrated to be good with reliability ranging between 0.83 and 0.93 [33].”
BackgroundInfluentialDemaria, F., & Cavicchioli, M. (2025) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-025-06702-9 · Cited by 5
“The index has demonstrated high reliability across diverse populations and international studies (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Juniarti, N., Alsharaydeh, E., Sari, C. W. M., Yani, D. I., & Hutton, A. E. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24078-0 · Cited by 23
“The WHO-5 Well-being Index, which is used to measure participants’ psychological well-being, consists of 5 items rated from 0 (at no time) to 5 (all the time) [41, 42].”
Khwaja, M. G., & Hameed, A. (2022) · International Journal of Management and Decision Making · doi:10.1504/ijmdm.2023.10048441 · Cited by 3
Schmid, D. S., Duss, S. B., Hertenstein, E., Nissen, C., Schneider, C., Urech, A., Vorster, A. P. A., & Berger, T. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.3390/ctn7030027 · Cited by 3
“Well-being: The World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) [46,47] was used to measure the self-rated subjective well-being of participants.”
BackgroundMethodChild Sexual Abuse and Wellbeing Among LGBTQ + Individuals: The Role of Family in Healing
Krishnan, S. R. G., Alan Godfrey, A., Daly, C., & Avinash, A. (2024) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2024.2327056 · Cited by 3
Roux, E. L., Meunier-Beillard, N., Simonel, C., Omorou, A., & Lejeune, C. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08456-9 · Cited by 3
“This complex concept can integrate various domains such as burden distress (anxiety and depression), health-related quality of life, satisfaction, social support and self-esteem [8], as well as self-control and vitality [30, 31].”
Lifelong learning in rural communities in China and its impact on adult subjective well-being
Wang, H. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102496 · Cited by 3
Jones, K. W., Jenkins, A. S., Kunze, K. L., Butterfield, R. J., Leighton, J. A., Egginton, J. S., Fortuin, F. D., Mulroy, J. S., & Stonnington, C. M. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09432-7 · Cited by 3
Risvang, L. C., Strøm, V., van Dijk, J., Rice, H. M., Sandbakk, Ø. B., Bovim, L. P., Baumgart, J. K., Bentzen, M., Raastad, T., & Jonvik, K. L. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/70125 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 exposure and mental wellbeing of European male employees
Mahmood, F., Ariza‐Montes, A., Saleem, M., & Han, H. (2022) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.31083/j.jomh1807145 · Cited by 3
Strahler, J., Smolinski, K., Krüger, K., & Krüger, B. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-424618/v1 · Cited by 3
Violence and adversity among pregnant women and new mothers in central Vietnam
Do, H. P. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.226819 · Cited by 3
Foster, C. (2025) · Perspectives Policy and Practice in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13603108.2025.2556195 · Cited by 2
“…are already existing methods of grouping respondents of the WHO-5 survey using their score without the use of profiling (Krieger et al. 2014; Topp et al. 2015) though the cut-off scores for risk can vary (Sischka et al. 2020) and should therefore be investigated for use in a student population.”
Zimatore, G., Cardinali, L., Baldari, C., Minozzi, M., Bonavolontá, V., Grimaldi, P., Guidetti, L., Ferrari, D., & Gallotta, M. C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111468 · Cited by 2
“This is a questionnaire that is commonly used to assess subjective well-being and mental health (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Gamarra, P. D. P. D., Quiroz, F. J. R., Alomía, E. R. E., Yaurivilca, N. E. I., & Condori, M. A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1670429 · Cited by 2
Nosè, M., Compri, B., Cristofalo, D., Carlon, V., Kratchanova, R., Rodighiero, A., Menegazzo, C., Tedeschi, F., Turrini, G., & Barbui, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1591056 · Cited by 4
Sadat, A., & Shafi, M. Q. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-01132-1 · Cited by 5
“Subjective well-being was evaluated using the 5-item WHO-5 Well-Being Index, a brief, reliable, and widely applied measure of psychological well-being [60].”
Nordmyr, J., Tuomela, S., Gädda, F., & Forsman, A. K. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948251395875 · Cited by 2
Drăgoiu, T. S., Furtunescu, F., Caramoci, A., Smaranda, A. M., & Runswick, O. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1761749 · Cited by 2
“The WHO-5 is a self-assessment questionnaire of psychological well-being that has been validated in different studies (Sischka et al., 2020; Nylén-Eriksen et al., 2022).”
Jeong, J., Lambert, V. J., Sangarara, G., Joseph, J., Bhojani, A., Yang, N. T., & Joachim, D. (2026) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100659 · Cited by 2
Kølbæk, P., Gil, Y., Schmidt, F. C. L., Speed, M. S., & Østergaard, S. D. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2022.2099581 · Cited by 2
Self-perceived Well-being Among Doctor of Physical Therapy Students in the United States
Kietrys, D. M., Anderson, E. A., & Ray, S. (2023) · Journal of Wellness · doi:10.55504/2578-9333.1177 · Cited by 2
Yamaguchi, M. (2023) · Socialinė teorija empirija politika ir praktika · doi:10.15388/stepp.2023.27.2 · Cited by 2
Breaking Points: Exploring the Well-Being of Egyptian Social Workers Amid Covid-19
Abu-Ras, W. M., Badahdah, A. M., Decker, E., & Shahin, M. M. (2024) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-024-00959-6 · Cited by 2
“This 5-item index measures respondents’ subjective well-being over two weeks (Sischka et al., 2020 ).”
Agarwal, G. G., Yenawine, P., Manohar, S., & Chisolm, M. S. (2025) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2025.2458287 · Cited by 2
“, the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale [44], the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Survey [45], the Communication Skills Attitudes Scale [46], and the WHO-5 Well-being index [47].”
Suh, Y. S., Bonifay, W. E., & Cai, L. (2025) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1017/psy.2025.10017 · Cited by 2
The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Azerbaijan
Ismayilova, J., Ruzek, J. I., Muradova, G., Sultanova, A., Mammadli, N., Guliyeva, G., Ismayilov, F., & Chard, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23183 · Cited by 2
“The instrument’s psychometric properties have been supported in clinical and community samples (Sischka et al., 2020).”
The impact of COVID-19 Epidemic on Teaching and Learning
Rothkrantz, L. J. M. (2022) · International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (CompSysTech) · doi:10.1145/3546118.3546134 · Cited by 2
“2020 [14], the questionnaire was evaluated; it had a high sensitivity and construct validity.”
BackgroundBerobat Kampung: Religion and Traditional Knowledge of Seeking Recovery in Borneo
Yusdiana, Y., Hariansyah, H., Firmansyah, D., & Billia, D. P. (2023) · Al-Albab · doi:10.24260/alalbab.v12i1.2618 · Cited by 1
Ali, M. B., & Jahan, A. M. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2024.100022 · Cited by 1
Temple, M. L., Zaporozhets, O., Sells, J. N., & Lozova, O. (2024) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-024-09571-2 · Cited by 1
Yang, M., Choi, M. H., & Kang, M. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1093/joccuh/uiae046 · Cited by 1
Risk of Job Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic Predicts Anxiety in Women
Krohne, N., Podlogar, T., Gomboc, V., Lavrič, M., Šedivy, N. Z., Leo, D. D., & Poštuvan, V. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61020178 · Cited by 1
On-call work and sleep quality amongst Radiographers registered in Ireland
Callanan, R. A., England, A., Young, R., Rainey, C., Curran, G., Moore, N., Ryan, M., & McEntee, M. F. (2025) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2025.101999 · Cited by 1
Employee well-being and work-life balance
El-Qebaisi, R. (2025) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2025.11.004 · Cited by 2
Dean, K. E., Youn, S. J., Nakle, M., Heller, S., Kramer, J., Stone, M., Wilens, T. E., Marques, L. M., & Yule, A. M. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01548-8 · Cited by 2
Measurement Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Emotionality Stigma Scale
Seely, H. D., & Mickelson, K. D. (2025) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2025.2575496 · Cited by 1
“Research has found the WHO-5 to meet validity and reliability standards across the lifespan with Cronbach’s alphas between .83 and .93 (Sischka et al., 2020; Topp et al., 2015).”
Holistic and Analytic Attention in Infancy: A Cross‐Cultural Study in Sweden and Zimbabwe
Tu, H., van den Berg, L., Astor, K., Mhizha, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70063 · Cited by 1
“Reliability for this questionnaire has ranged between α = 0.83–0.93 (Sischka et al. 2020).”
InfluentialZhang, Q. (2026) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2026.102246 · Cited by 2
Confidence to Self‐Manage in Diabetes: An All‐Wales Cross‐Sectional Population Study
Rollings, J., Thuvesholmen, N., Woolley, K. E., Puntoni, S., Cox, S., Platts, J. K., Shaw, A. C., Newman, C., & Withers, K. L. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/5566273 · Cited by 1
“The WHO-5 is widely used and deemed to be psychometrically sound [23, 24].”
Zimatore, G., Cardinali, L., Baldari, C., Minozzi, M., du Mérac, É. R., Grimaldi, P., Mocini, E., Migliaccio, S., Vincenzo, O. D., Guidetti, L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1781555 · Cited by 1
Sheldon, R., Chin, E. M., Gan, A., Wadodkar, M., Sandalova, E., & Mahadzir, M. D. A. (2026) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2026.107708 · Cited by 1
“The 5-item WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a short and widely used questionnaire to assess psychological well-being, shown to be applicable across research fields in all countries, with high specificity and sensitivity at detecting depression [27,28].”
Sanguineti, M. C. D., Buitrago-Rubiano, F., González-Gort, M., Buba, I. A., Ihring, D., Stewart, C., & Fabbri, C. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2026.2652959 · Cited by 1
“Although the study identified some limitations in achieving full measurement invariance across cultural contexts, findings confirmed the WHO-5 Index as a psychometrically sound tool for assessing adolescent well-being (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Waks, L. J., & Ding, X. (2026) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-026-00973-7 · Cited by 1
Graßhoff, J., Safieddine, B., Sperlich, S., & Beller, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54327-0 · Cited by 1
“Correspondingly, in a validation done by Sischka et al. 37 , the items were found to differ in difficulty and discrimination.”
Le, D. T., & Nguyen, M. T. H. (2026) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-01-2026-0037 · Cited by 1
Epiney, F., Hany, L., Nagel, S., & Klenk, C. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01883-7 · Cited by 2
“Subjective well-being was measured using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index [53, 54], which is a validated scale with good reliability and validity, translated into German, French and Italian [54–56].”
Frankova, I., Macia, K. S., Ecker, K., Watters, K. N., Danson, L., Fňašková, M., Jackson, D., Leshchuk, I., Maslahati, T., Ntlantsana, V., et al. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70115 · Cited by 1
Menicucci, D., Bastiani, L., Malloggi, E., Denoth, F., Gemignani, A., & Molinaro, S. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020129 · Cited by 1
“WHO-5 is among the most widely used questionnaires for the assessment of subjective well-being; it provides a 0 to 100 total score and, according to a binary classification, scores below 50 suggest impaired well-being [44,45].”
Valentin, J. B., Mainz, J., Johnsen, S. P., Kristensen, K., & Kristensen, S. (2024) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002519 · Cited by 1
“18 19 However, a complete objective validation of the complete scale is yet to be conducted, thus, we aim to assess the internal reliability, criterion validity, concurrent validity and responsiveness of the PROM developed for patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in the North Denmark Region.”
BackgroundDevelopment of an Implicit Well-Being Measure for Youths Using the Implicit Association Test
García-Márquez, R., Stavraki, M., Díaz, D., & Bajo, M. (2024) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-024-10121-w · Cited by 1
Mapping the well‐being of Norwegian mothers during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Kvalø, M., Parks‐Stamm, E. J., Thorsteinsen, K., Olsen, M., & Martiny, S. E. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13023 · Cited by 1
Herr, R. M., Birmingham, W. C., Deyerl, V. M., & Diehl, K. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100538 · Cited by 1
Fitness and psychological effects of tele-exercise in healthy populations. Preliminary study
Fucarino, A., Zimatore, G., Fabbrizio, A., Garrido, N. D., Reis, V. M., Vilaça‐Alves, J., Sausa, M., Matteo, B. M., Peixoto, R., Perušina, P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1496196 · Cited by 3
Iqbal, L., Akbar, S., Shehzadi, K., & Singh, V. (2024) · Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences · doi:10.47067/ramss.v7i4.399 · Cited by 1
“The WHO-5 is made up of five items measuring mood, energy, and overall feelings of well-being (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Dagar, C., Chhajer, R., & Rai, H. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02476-6 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, we anchored the study in the subjective well-being perspective (Sischka et al., 2020) and examined SC and SOA as mediators between yoga-based intervention (YBI) and well-being.”
Amiri, S., Alajlouni, O., Al-Rawi, S. O., Samra, A., Jamil, G., Kieu, A., & Khan, M. A. (2024) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2024.2424098 · Cited by 1
“The World Health Organization – five well-being index (WHO-5) is a short, positively worded instrument designed to assess depressive symptoms over 14 days [44,45].”
Well-being and Inequalities in Cuba. Study of Validity and Reliability of tests
Santiago, D. V., Álvarez, D. P., & Ruíz, A. L. (2024) · Health Leadership and Quality of Life · doi:10.56294/hl2024.423 · Cited by 1
Schubin, K., Pfaff, H., & Zeike, S. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189708 · Cited by 3
“Based on established WHO-5 cutoff scores indicating poor or high psychological wellbeing [47,48], we dichotomized subjective wellbeing to distinguish managers with poor wellbeing (WHO-”
MethodNohr, L., Bürkner, P., Ruíz, A. L., Ferrer, J. E. S., Capponi, D., & Buhlmann, U. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5tqwv
Working Conditions of Young People in Luxembourg – A Health Perspective
Sischka, P. E., & Steffgen, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_12 · Cited by 1
Self-citationA Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Chatbot (Otis) for Health Anxiety Management: Pilot Study (Preprint)Preprint
Goonesekera, Y., & Donkin, L. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.37877
متولي, ه. أ. ع. (2022) · مجلة كلية التربية جامعة بنها · doi:10.21608/jfeb.2022.288605
The Impact of Microculture Cohorts on Organizational Culture Preference:A 40-Society AssessmentPreprint
Ralston, D. A., Terpstra-Tong, J. L. Y., Treviño, L. J., Caprar, D. V., Froese, F. J., Furrer, O., Dabić, M., Karam, C. M., Jabeen, F., Tjemkes, B. V., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4581816
Latifa, R., Chang, K., Liem, A., Idriyani, N., Roebianto, A., Rahmah, M., & Puri, V. G. S. (2023) · JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi dan Pendidikan Indonesia) · doi:10.15408/jp3i.v12i2.33964
“…when compared with previous validation studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic settings, for example, among elderly (Heun et al., 2001), employee in the 6th European Working Condition survey in 2015 (Sischka et al., 2020), and university students in China in 2018-2019 (Fung et al., 2022)”
ResultMental well-being of Microfinance Beneficiaries in the Post-Covid Scenario
Buragohain, T. (2023) · INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT · doi:10.55041/ijsrem27073
Klocek, A., & Řiháček, T. (2023) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2023.2292212
“The psychometric properties of the scale were reported to be excellent, with internal consistency between .83 and .93 across 35 countries (Sischka, Costa, Steffgen, & Schmidt, 2020), and the evidence of various validity types (Topp, Østergaard, Søndergaard, & Bech, 2015).”
Agarwal, I., & Juneja, A. (2023) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_288_23
Nowak, A. C., Lumbi, S. L., & McCall, T. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18266-7
“But this is now the opportunity to try out whether you really want to do without it completely ” (I1, 29).”
Effect of childbirth experience on the psychological well-being of postpartum women in Accra, Ghana
Azusong, E., Teye‐Kwadjo, E., & Asante, K. O. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2024.2329721 · Cited by 1
“The WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5; Sischka et al., 2020; Topp et al., 2015) was used to assess psychological well-being in this study.”
Clinical Screening for Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
Lex, C., & Meyer, T. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108973922.006
Leung, R. Y. F., Ye, M. Z., Zhang, F. Y. Q., Kwok, T. T.-O., Sun, Y., Lai, A. Y. K., Jiang, J., & Tse, M. Y. M. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.67765
Wu, S.-Y., Li, G., Wortham, A., & Hall, B. J. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02790-3
“It is a widely reliable tool across countries [35].”
Viksveen, P., Ree, E., Bjønness, S. E., Hansen, K. L., Meldahl, L. G., Krijger, L., Relton, C., Cornaglia, F., Berg, S. H., Hodne, S., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.64531
Teno, S. C., Silva, M. N., Silva, H., & Júdice, P. B. (2024) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2024.2441451
“…to 0 (none of the time). the raw score therefore theoretically ranges from 0 (absence of wellbeing) to 25 (maximal wellbeing). the WhO-5 was evaluated as a psychometrically sound brief measure with non-invasive questions that tap into the subjective wellbeing of respondents (sischka et al. 2020).”
Mapping of the trans population in the Baixada Santista region, Brazil, 2023: a descriptive study
Barroso, B. I. D. L., Bassichetto, K. C., Vieira, D. L., Gois, Í., Rodrigues, J. L., Santos, N. J. S., de Souza, P. A., Tayra, Â., Kumow, A., Moreira, K. D. M., et al. (2024) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/s2237-96222024v33e2024409.especial.en
Mapeamento da população trans da Baixada Santista, 2023: estudo descritivo
Barroso, B. I. D. L., Bassichetto, K. C., Vieira, D. L., Gois, Í., Rodrigues, J. L., Santos, N. J. S., de Souza, P. A., Tayra, Â., Kumow, A., Moreira, K. D. M., et al. (2024) · Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde · doi:10.1590/s2237-96222024v33e2024409.especial.pt
Validation of the Spanish Version of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale
Vázquez, M. B., & Fisher, L. (2025) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clh2025a3
Dunphy, M., & Nuske, H. J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/71155 · Cited by 1
“It has high internal consistency and reliability ( α =.81-.90), is valid in screening for depression, has strong construct validity among adolescents and adults, and is sensitive to change in interventions [54,55].”
Minns, L. C., Newman, M., Herbland, A., Heneghan, N. R., Moulson, A., Owusu, N. K., & Beeton, K. (2025) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2025.101806
“The 5 item WHO (World Health Organisation) well-being questionnaire is a valid, reliable measure of general well-being [13–15].”
Kozlowski, D., Provost, S., & Kern, M. L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6625617/v1
Challenging the Norm: Psychosocial Correlates of Nontraditional Sexuality in Italian Women
Caricati, L., Bonetti, C., Grossi, S. M., Rossi, F., & Bassi, S. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70119 · Cited by 1
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Sánchez‐Villena, A. R., Torales, J. C., Hualparuca‐Olivera, L., Carbajal‐León, C., Ferrufino-Borja, D., Puerta-Cortés, D. X., Lobos-Rivera, M. E., Soloaga, P. S., Moreta‐Herrera, R., et al. (2025) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2556697
“This perspective posits well-being as an important outcome measure in various populations, both clinical and non-clinical, and an indicator of treatment efficacy (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Cullberg-Weston, M., Berman, A. H., & Klintwall, L. (2025) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2560407
“The specific measures included the PHQ-9 (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002), the GAD-7 (Spitzer et al., 2006), and the WHO-5 Well Being Index (Sischka et al., 2020).”
Viksveen, P., Ree, E., Bjønness, S. E., Hansen, K. L., Meldahl, L. G., Krijger, L., Relton, C., Cornaglia, F., Berg, S. H., Hodne, S., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/64531
Metadata
- Authors
- Sischka, P. E., Costa, A. P., Steffgen, G., & Schmidt, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Sischka, Philipp E.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- 100020
- ISSN
- 2666-9153 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3094404984
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 12.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-12-01)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- WHO-5, well-being index, measurement invariance, graded response model, alignment procedure, differential item functioning, depression screening, psychometric validation, cross-cultural measurement, European Working Conditions Survey, reliability statistics, unidimensionality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
