Elevated Serum Osmolality and Total Water Deficit Indicate Impaired Hydration Status in Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities Regardless of Low or High Body Mass Index
Open accessAbstract
Background Dehydration is typically associated with underweight and malnutrition in long-term care (LTC) settings. Evidence is lacking regarding the influence of the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity on risk factors, prevalence, and presentation of dehydration. Objective The aim of this study was to objectively assess hydration status and the adequacy of total water intake, and determine relationships between hydration status, total water intake, and body mass index (BMI) in LTC residents. Design A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data was performed. Participants and setting Baseline data from 247 subjects recruited from eight community-based LTC facilities participating in two randomized trials comparing nutrient and cost-efficacy of between-meal snacks vs oral nutrition supplements (ONS). Main outcomes Hydration status was assessed by serum osmolality concentration and total water intakes were quantified by weighed food, beverage, water, and ONS intake. Statistical analyses Simple and multiple linear regression methods were applied. Results Forty-nine (38.3%) subjects were dehydrated (>300 mOsm/kg) and another 39 (30.5%) had impending dehydration (295 to 300 mOsm/kg). The variance in serum osmolality was significantly accounted for by blood urea nitrogen level, mental status score, and having diabetes (R(2)=0.46; P<0.001). Total water intake averaged 1,147.2±433.1 mL/day. Thus, 96% to 100% of subjects did not meet estimated requirements, with a deficit range of 700 to 1,800 mL/day. The variance in total water intake was significantly accounted for by type of liquid beverages (thin vs thick), type of ONS, total energy intake, total activities of daily living dependence, sex, and BMI (R(2)=0.56; P<0.001). Conclusions Dehydration and inadequate total water intake is prevalent in LTC residents across all BMI categories. Type of liquid beverages, type of ONS, and type of between-meal snacks are factors that could be targeted for nutrition interventions designed to prevent or reverse dehydration.
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Memory problems may cause older adults to forget to drink and forget that they haven't drunk.
“Memory problems may cause older adults to forget to drink and forget that they haven't drunk (7)(8)(9)252).”
From ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics (2022) · cites this paper as [252]
The Introduction (page not provided) says residents with cognitive impairment may be unaware of their needs and forget to drink or request beverages. It does not say they forget whether they have already drunk, so that part of the claim is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Marra, M. V., Simmons, S. F., Shotwell, M. S., Hudson, A., Hollingsworth, E. K., Long, E., Kuertz, B., & Silver, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Silver, Heidi J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 828-836.e2
- ISSN
- 2212-2672 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4852282
- OpenAlex
- W2344557663
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS018580)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG033828)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR024975, KL2RR024977, UL1RR024975, RR024975‐01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- dehydration, hydration status, serum osmolality, drought stress, long-term care residents, body mass index, obesity, oral nutritional supplements, blood urea nitrogen, diabetes mellitus, activities of daily living dependence, malnutrition
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Beverages, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Creatinine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dehydration, Drinking, Female, Humans, Long-Term Care, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Homes, Osmolar Concentration, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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