The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Alternatively activated macrophages in infection and autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that play an important role in activation of the immune response and wound healing. Pathogens that require T helper-type 2 (Th2) responses for effective clearance, such as parasitic worms, are strong inducers of alternatively activated or M2 macrophages. However, infections such as bacteria and viruses that require Th1-type responses may induce M2 as a strategy to evade the immune system. M2 are particularly efficient at scavenging self tissues following injury through receptors like the mannose receptor and scavenger receptor-A. Thus, M2 may increase autoimmune disease by presenting self tissue to T cells. M2 may also exacerbate immune complex (IC)-mediated pathology and fibrosis, a hallmark of autoimmune disease in women, due to the release of profibrotic factors such as interleukin-1beta, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinases. We have found that M2 comprise anywhere from 30% to 70% of the infiltrate during acute viral or experimental autoimmune myocarditis, and shifts in M2 populations correlate with increased IC deposition, fibrosis and chronic autoimmune pathology. Thus, women may be at an increased risk of M2-mediated autoimmunity due to estrogen's ability to increase Th2 responses.
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“in preclinical animal models for myocarditis, monocytes and macrophages were predominant populations in the heart infiltrates”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [114]
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“In general, M1s or classically activated MΦs are pro-inflammatory and microbicidal, whereas M2s or alternatively activated MΦs are immunomodulatory, reparative, and poorly microbicidal [7–12].”
From Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
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Cites
Macrophage activation and polarization
Martinez, F. O. (2008) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/2692 · Cited by 3,160
Alternative Activation of Macrophages: An Immunologic Functional Perspective
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The complex role of estrogens in inflammation
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Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Linking Inflammation and Cancer
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Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States
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The role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism
Onore, C., Careaga, M., & Ashwood, P. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.007 · Cited by 635
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fairweather, D., & Cihakova, D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fairweather, DeLisa
- ORCID
- Fairweather, DeLisa
- Venue
- Journal of Autoimmunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 222-230
- ISSN
- 0896-8411 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2783278
- OpenAlex
- W2083198686
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 12.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Autoimmunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Myocarditis Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 67290, R01HL087033, R01HL067290, HL 70729, R01HL070729, HL087033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- M2 macrophages, autoimmunity, infection, Th2 immune response, Th1 response, immune evasion, fibrosis, experimental autoimmune myocarditis, viral infection, estrogen, sex differences, CD206, scavenger receptor A
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Complement System Proteins, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Infections, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Male, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Cytokines, Immunity, Humoral
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