Muscle Contributions to Support and Progression during Single-Limb Stance in Crouch Gait
Open accessAbstract
Pathological movement patterns like crouch gait are characterized by abnormal kinematics and muscle activations that alter how muscles support the body weight during walking. Individual muscles are often the target of interventions to improve crouch gait, yet the roles of individual muscles during crouch gait remain unknown. The goal of this study was to examine how muscles contribute to mass center accelerations and joint angular accelerations during single-limb stance in crouch gait, and compare these contributions to unimpaired gait. Subject-specific dynamic simulations were created for ten children who walked in a mild crouch gait and had no previous surgeries. The simulations were analyzed to determine the acceleration of the mass center and angular accelerations of the hip, knee, and ankle generated by individual muscles. The results of this analysis indicate that children walking in crouch gait have less passive skeletal support of body weight and utilize substantially higher muscle forces to walk than unimpaired individuals. Crouch gait relies on the same muscles as unimpaired gait to accelerate the mass center upward, including the soleus, vasti, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, and gluteus maximus. However, during crouch gait, these muscles are active throughout single-limb stance, in contrast to the modulation of muscle forces seen during single-limb stance in an unimpaired gait. Subjects walking in crouch gait rely more on proximal muscles, including the gluteus medius and hamstrings, to accelerate the mass center forward during single-limb stance than subjects with an unimpaired gait.
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Children with ITW may adopt compensatory strategies such as increased cadence or prolonged swing duration to compensate for reduced hip flexion and maintain walking speeds comparable to typically developing peers.
“To compensate for these deficits, children with ITW may adopt strategies such as increased cadence or prolonged swing duration.”
From Sagittal Plane Kinematic Deviations and Spatio-Temporal Gait Characteristics in Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking: A Comparative Analysis Using Statistical Parametric Mapping (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) describe children with cerebral palsy and mild crouch gait, not children with idiopathic toe walking (ITW). The Discussion (page unavailable) concerns muscle strategies during single-limb stance and says the findings may not extend to other gait populations. Searches for increased cadence, prolonged swing duration, and ITW found no passage addressing the attributed compensatory strategies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Pozuelo-Calvo, R., Serrano-Garcia, A., Archilla-Bonilla, Y., Ruiz-Zafra, A., Noguera-Garcia, M., Benghazi-Akhlaki, K., Membrilla-Mesa, M., DiCaudo, C., & Heredia-Jimenez, J. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15050575 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Reduced hip flexion has also been associated with compensatory strategies such as increased cadence to maintain walking speeds comparable to typically developing peers [41].”
- Authors
- Steele, K. M., Seth, A., Hicks, J. L., Schwartz, M. S., & Delp, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steele, Katherine M.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2099-2105
- ISSN
- 0021-9290 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2914221
- OpenAlex
- W2027192020
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 8.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biomechanics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (R01-HD046814, R01-HD33929, U54GM072970)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- crouch gait, single-leg stance, center of mass acceleration, body weight support, children, dynamic simulation, muscle activation, gluteus medius, hamstrings, gait disturbance
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Computer Simulation, Gait, Humans, Leg, Models, Biological, Posture, Muscle, Skeletal, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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