Clustered randomized controlled trial of a clinic-based problem-solving intervention to improve adherence in adolescents with cystic fibrosis
Open accessAbstract
Background In Cystic Fibrosis (CF), adherence to pulmonary medications is about 50% and decreases during adolescence. Effective interventions have not been integrated into CF care. This effectiveness study tested a brief, clinic-based behavioral intervention to improve adherence.Methods iCARE (I Change Adherence and Raise Expectations) was a pragmatic, clustered, 2-arm randomized controlled trial at 18 CF Centers. 607 adolescents with CF, ages 11-20 years, participated. Centers were randomized to IMPACT (n = 9; 300 adolescents), a brief problem-solving + education intervention, or standard care (SC; n = 9; 307 adolescents). IMPACT was delivered during a regularly scheduled clinic visit by a member of the clinical care team. The primary outcome was composite pulmonary medication possession ratio (cMPR); secondary endpoints were lung function, Body Mass Index percentile, courses of IV antibiotics, and health-related quality of life at 12 months.Results Effectiveness of the intervention was tested using mixed models, generalized estimating equations comparing IMPACT to SC. Fifty-eight percent of problem-solving sessions targeted barriers to airway clearance, exercise or nutrition, while 18% addressed pulmonary medications. Average intervention fidelity score was 67% (SD = 14%; Range = 25-100%). No significant intervention effects were found for cMPR or any of the secondary outcomes compared to SC.Conclusions The IMPACT intervention did not improve medication adherence or health outcomes over 12 months. Challenges to implementing the intervention as intended during busy clinic visits were identified.Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01232478; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Even the largest trial in this review was underpowered to find a difference in medication adherence, due to missing data and attrition.
“Even the largest trial in this review was underpowered to find a difference in medication adherence, due to missing data and attrition (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Both trials reported a cMPR measure which included a combination of inhaled therapies and one non-inhaled therapy (Quittner 2019; Shakkottai 2017).
“Both trials reported a cMPR measure which included a combination of inhaled therapies and one non-inhaled therapy (Quittner 2019;Shakkottai 2017).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
One trial (5 participants) assessed this outcome at the 'up to three months' time point (Shakkottai 2017), and a second trial (436 participants) reported at over six months and up to 12 months (Quittner 2019).
“One trial (5 participants) assessed this outcome at the 'up to three months' time point (Shakkottai 2017), and a second trial (436 participants) reported at over six months and up to 12 months (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
One cluster-RCT used the CF centre as the unit of randomisation to minimise cross-contamination risks from within-site randomisation.
“One cluster-RCT used the CF centre as the unit of randomisation, to minimise crosscontamination risks from within-site randomisation (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
All trials measured adherence to inhaled therapies; it was a primary outcome in four trials, a secondary outcome in three trials, and three trials did not specify between primary and secondary outcomes.
“All trials measured adherence to inhaled therapies; this was as a primary outcome in four trials (Quinn 2004;Quittner 2019;Riekert 2013;Shakkottai 2017), a secondary outcome in three trials (Hind 2017;Knudsen 2016;Wildman 2022), and three trials did not specify between primary and secondary outcomes (Cottrell 1996;Downs 2006;Gur 2016).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The results of one large, multicentre trial were difficult to interpret due to post-intervention means (and SDs) not being reported for most outcomes.
“the results of one large, multicentre trial were difficult to interpret due to post-intervention means (and SDs) not being reported for most outcomes (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Two other studies assessed treatment burden at this time point and found no difference between groups.
“2 other studies assessed treatment burden at this time point (Knudsen 2016;Quittner 2019).These 2 studies found no difference between groups.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
In the Quittner 2019 trial, challenges obtaining pharmacy records resulted in a significant amount of missing adherence data.
“In the Quittner 2019 trial, there were challenges obtaining pharmacy records, which resulted in a significant amount of missing adherence data.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The Quittner 2019 report states that intervention effects were evaluated based on the intention-to-treat principle, but it is unclear whether this included all participants entering the trial or whether some were excluded.
“The report states that intervention effects were evaluated based on the intention-to-treat principle, but it is unclear whether this included all participants entering the trial or whether some were excluded.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Of the 641 participants who consented in the Quittner 2019 trial, 308 (51%) had analysable pharmacy records at baseline and 436 (72%) had analysable pharmacy records at 12 months.
“Of the 641 participants who consented, 308 (51%) had analysable pharmacy records at baseline (n = 156 intervention; n = 152 control), and 436 (72%) had analysable pharmacy records at 12 months (n = 205 intervention; n = 231 control).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The review authors judged three trials to have a high risk of bias from other sources (Cottrell 1996; Quittner 2019; Riekert 2013).
“We judged three trials to have a high risk of bias from other sources (Cottrell 1996;Quittner 2019;Riekert 2013).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
In the Quittner 2019 trial, participants received financial incentives for attending intervention sessions and completing assessments as acknowledgement for participation.
“In one trial, participants received financial incentives for attending intervention sessions and completing assessments as acknowledgement for participation (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The Quittner 2019 trial was a cluster-RCT in which CF centres interested in adherence-promoting strategies were invited to participate, and the first 18 CF centres to sign a contract and obtain relevant approvals were enroled, so it is likely that there could have been differences between those CF centres who volunteered to take part compared to those who did not.
“In addition, this trial was a cluster-RCT in which CF centres interested in adherence-promoting strategies were invited to participate (no other eligibility criteria for CF centres was applied).The first 18 CF centres to sign a contract and obtain relevant approvals were enroled, so it is likely that there could have been differences between those CF centres who volunteered to take part, compared”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The review authors judged two trials to have a high risk of bias as each listed an additional secondary outcome on the clinical trial register that was not reported in the published papers (Knudsen 2016; Quittner 2019).
“We judged two trials to have a high risk of bias as each listed an additional secondary outcome on the clinical trial register that was not reported in the published papers (Knudsen 2016; Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
In the Quittner 2019 trial, in the intervention group, a further 20 participants (6%) withdrew and 2 died (1%) between completing baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys, and an additional 32 (11%) did not complete the 12-month survey.
“In the intervention group, a further 20 participants (6%) withdrew and 2 died (1%) between completing baseline and 12 month follow up surveys, and an additional 32 (11%) did not complete the 12-month survey.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The Quittner 2019 report states that intervention effects were evaluated based on the intent-to-treat (ITT) principle, but it is unclear whether this included all participants entering the trial or whether some were excluded.
“Report states:”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
In the Quittner 2019 trial, in the control group, a further 13 participants (4%) withdrew and 1 died (<1%) between completing the baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys, and an additional 14 (5%) did not complete the 12-month survey.
“In the control group, a further 13 participants (4%) withdrew and 1 died (<1%) between completing the baseline and 12 month follow-up surveys, and an additional 14 (5%) did not complete the 12-month survey.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The Quittner 2019 report does not provide additional information on reasons for withdrawal or surveys not being completed.
“Report does not provide additional information on reasons for withdrawal or surveys not being completed.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Other interventions were delivered by multiple, trained healthcare professionals or researchers.
“Other interventions were delivered by multiple, trained healthcare professionals or researchers (e.g.registered nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, psychologists, research co-ordinators etc.) (Hind 2017;Quittner 2019; Wildman 2022)”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
One trial reported means and SDs for FEV1 % predicted at baseline only, so could not be included in the analysis.
“Additionally, one trial reported means and SDs for this outcome at baseline only, meaning we could not include the data from this trial in the analysis (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Two outcomes (exacerbations and lung function) were reported at baseline only in Quittner 2019; the only results interpretable were absolute post-treatment mean scores for each QoL domain, which were included in analyses as if from a parallel trial.
“Two outcomes (exacerbations and lung function) were reported at baseline only; the only results we could interpret were absolute post-treatment mean scores for each QoL domain, which we included in the analyses as if they were from a parallel trial where the unit of analysis is the participant.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The results of Quittner 2019 were quite difficult to interpret, and the review was unable to access additional data despite repeated attempts to contact the trial authors.
“The results of this study were quite difficult to interpret, and we were unable to access additional data despite repeated attempts to contact the trial authors.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Five trials stated that they had conducted fidelity assessments, usually using audio-recordings from intervention sessions.
“Five trials stated that they had conducted fidelity assessments, usually using audio-recordings from intervention sessions (Hind 2017;Quinn 2004;Quittner 2019;Riekert 2013;Wildman 2022).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Two other studies assessed respiratory symptoms at this time point and also found no difference between groups.
“2 other studies assessed respiratory symptoms at this time point (Knudsen 2016;Quittner 2019).These 2 studies also found no difference between groups.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
A single cluster-RCT was identified (Quittner 2019), and the authors reported that they used generalised estimating equations to account for clustering within sites.
“We identified a single cluster-RCT (Quittner 2019), and the authors reported that they used generalised estimating equations to account for clustering within sites.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
There was variation in the approaches used to assess fidelity, ranging from assessing intervention fidelity for the first session only to assessing a sample of sessions throughout the trial using two independent reviewers.
“There was also variation in the approaches used, ranging from assessing intervention fidelity for the first session only (Quittner 2019), to assessing a sample of sessions throughout the trial, using two independent reviewers (Wildman 2022).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The authors of Quittner 2019 report that no significant intervention effects were found for any of the secondary outcomes compared to usual care.
“However, the authors report that no significant intervention effects were found for any of the secondary outcomes in this trial, compared to usual care (and FEV 1 % predicted was a secondary outcome in this trial) (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The authors of Quittner 2019 reported that no intervention effect was found for pulmonary exacerbations.
“The authors did however report that no intervention effect was found for pulmonary exacerbations (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Two trials included pulmonary exacerbations as a primary outcome and three trials as a secondary outcome.
“Two trials included pulmonary exacerbations as a primary outcome (Hind 2017; Wildman 2022) and three trials as a secondary outcome (Quittner 2019;Riekert 2013;Shakkottai 2017).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
For Quittner 2019, incomplete outcome data was high risk; of 641 families consented, 300 (93%) intervention and 307 (95%) control completed baseline survey; 589 (97%) had registry data; 308 (51%) had analysable pharmacy records at baseline; 436 (72%) at 12 months.
“Of the 641 families who consented to participate (321 in intervention group and 320 in control group), 300 (93%; Mean=33/site) in intervention and 307 (95%; Mean=34/site) in the control group completed the baseline survey ... Of those, 589 (97%) had CF Foundation Patient Registry data, 308 (51%) had analysable pharmacy records at baseline (n=156 intervention; n=152 control), 436 (72%) had analysab”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
Five trials (Cottrell 1996, Knudsen 2016, Quittner 2019, Riekert 2013, Shakkottai 2017) had an unclear risk of bias from allocation concealment because they did not report on allocation concealment.
“We judged five trials to have an unclear risk of bias as they did not report on allocation concealment (Cottrell 1996;Knudsen 2016;Quittner 2019;Riekert 2013;Shakkottai 2017).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
For Quittner 2019, availability of a baseline cMPR score did not differ by patient characteristics.
“Availability of a baseline cMPR score did not differ by patient characteristics.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
For Quittner 2019, allocation concealment was not reported (unclear risk).
“Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk Not reported.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
For Quittner 2019, other bias was high risk because centers interested in adherence were invited, the first 18 centers signing contract and IRB approval were enrolled, no other center eligibility criteria were applied, participants were compensated, and these factors may have led to biases and affected generalizability.
“Report states: “selecting CF Centers interested in addressing adherence, randomizing CF Centers prior to participant enrollment, not collecting data on nonparticipants, and paying participants for completing PS sessions, may have led to biases and affected generalizability of the findings”.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
For Quittner 2019, 20 participants (7%) withdrew and 1 died from the intervention group between consenting and completing baseline survey; 13 participants (4%) withdrew from the control group.
“From CONSORT flow diagram (p 891 of publication), 20 participants (7%) withdrew and 1 died from the intervention group between consenting and completing baseline survey; 13 participants (4%) withdrew from the control group between consenting and completing baseline survey.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
In Quittner 2019, participants in the intervention were compensated USD 50 per session up to 4 sessions, and USD 50 for each assessment.
“In addition, participants enrolled in the intervention were compensated USD 50/session up to 4 intervention sessions.Assessment included a patient-completed survey and skills assessment; participants were compensated USD 50 for each assessment.”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
The competing clinical demands of healthcare professionals can influence the extent to which an intervention can be implemented in practice, for example by limiting the amount of training and supervision that can be provided.
“As highlighted in one of the included studies in this review, the competing clinical demands of healthcare professionals can influence the extent to which an intervention can be implemented in practice (e.g.limiting the amount of training and supervision that can be provided) (Quittner 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis (2023) · cites this paper as Quittner 2019
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Butcher, J. L. (2021) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68688-8_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arden, M. A., Hutchings, M., Whelan, P., Drabble, S. J., Beever, D., Bradley, J. M., Hind, D., Ainsworth, J. D., Maguire, C., Cantrill, H., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gbcpk
Richards, B., Osborne, S. R., & Simons, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19068792
Richards, B., Osborne, S. R., & Simons, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19068801
Richards, B., Osborne, S. R., & Simons, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19068798
Richards, B., Osborne, S. R., & Simons, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19068804
Advances in Health‐Related Quality of Life in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Quittner, A. L., Davalillo, I. P., Cragun, D. M., & Saunders, J. L. (2026) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.71785
Self-citation
- Authors
- Quittner, A. L., Eakin, M. N., Alpern, A. N., Ridge, A. K., McLean, K. A., Bilderback, A., Criado, K. K., Chung, S.-E., & Riekert, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Miami Children's Hospital (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Quittner, Alexandra L.
- Venue
- Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 879-885
- ISSN
- 1569-1993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2945014152
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cystic Fibrosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Genentech
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cystic Fibrosis Research Advances
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Adolescent and Pediatric Healthcare
- Keywords
- medication adherence, adolescents, problem-solving intervention, medication possession ratio, lung function, health-related quality of life, intervention fidelity, implementation barriers
- MeSH terms
- Internet-Based Intervention, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Ambulatory Care, Cystic Fibrosis, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Problem Solving, Quality of Life, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Telemedicine, Respiratory System Agents, Behavior Control, Medication Adherence
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