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The relative cost of bent-hip bent-knee walking is reduced in water.

Kuliukas, Algis V., Milne, Nick, Fournier, Paul·2009·HOMO
DOI 10.1016/j.jchb.2009.09.002
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Abstract

The debate about how early hominids walked may be characterised as two competing hypotheses: They moved with a fully upright (FU) gait, like modern humans, or with a bent-hip, bent-knee (BK) gait, like apes. Both have assumed that this bipedalism was almost exclusively on land, in trees or a combination of the two. Recent findings favoured the FU hypothesis by showing that the BK gait is 50-60% more energetically costly than a FU human gait on land. We confirm these findings but show that in water this cost differential is markedly reduced, especially in deeper water, at slower speeds and with greater knee flexion. These data suggest that the controversy about australopithecine locomotion may be eased if it is assumed that wading was a component of their locomotor repertoire and supports the idea that shallow water might have been an environment favourable to the evolution of early forms of "non-optimal" hominid bipedalism.

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  • Kuliukas et al. reported data for wading in various depths of water, speeds and with varying knee flexion.

    “Kuliukas et al. reported data for wading in various depths of water, speeds and with varying knee flexion (Kuliukas et al., 2009).”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Kuliukas et al., 2009

  • Kuliukas et al. provide evidence that the energy cost of bipedal walking is reduced in water, albeit in humans undertaking bent-knee bent-hip walking.

    “Indeed, Kuliukas et al. provide evidence of such, albeit in humans undertaking bent-knee bent-hip walking (Kuliukas et al., 2009).”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Kuliukas et al., 2009

  • Previous studies measuring the energy costs of wading in water have been limited to higher walking speeds in straight lines, in deep water.

    “Studies measuring the energy costs of wading in water have been limited to higher walking speeds in straight lines, in deep water.”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Kuliukas et al., 2009

  • The data of Kuliukas et al. are reported as factorial values relative to a single transport cost and thus cannot be easily compared to the values reported by Ghesquiere and Bunkens.

    “These data are reported as factorial values relative to a single transport cost and thus cannot be easily compared to the values reported by Ghesquiere and Bunkens (Ghesquiere and Bunkens, 1991).”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Kuliukas et al., 2009

  • People walking in water up to their waists and up to their chests also experience similarly low costs of transport at slower wading speeds; even with such water depths, only at walking speeds above approximately 0.35 m s−1 is rate of energy expenditure noticeably higher than that on land.

    “Indeed, people walking in water up to their waists (Kuliukas et al., 2009) and up to their chests (Ghesquiere and Bunkens, 1991) also experience similarly low costs of transport at slower wading speeds; even with such water depths, only at walking speeds above ∼0.35 m”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Kuliukas et al., 2009

Citations

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Metadata

Authors
Kuliukas, A. V., Milne, N., & Fournier, P.
Venue
HOMO
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-11
Volume
60
Issue
6
Pages
479-488
ISSN
0018-442X
DOI
10.1016/j.jchb.2009.09.002
Cited by
8
References
1
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

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