CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 81

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The metabolic costs of ‘bent-hip, bent-knee’ walking in humans.

Carey, Tanya Suzanne, Crompton, Robin Huw·2005·Journal of Human Evolution
DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.001
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The costs of different modes of bipedalism are a key issue in reconstructing the likely gait of early human ancestors such as Australopithecus afarensis. Some workers, on the basis of morphological differences between the locomotor skeleton of A. afarensis and modern humans, have proposed that this hominid would have walked in a 'bent-hip, bent-knee' (BHBK) posture like that seen in the voluntary bipedalism of untrained chimpanzees. Computer modelling studies using inverse dynamics indicate that on the basis of segment proportions AL-288-1 should have been capable of mechanically effective upright walking, but in contrast predicted that BHBK walking would have been highly ineffective. The measure most pertinent to natural selection, however, is more likely to be the complete, physiological, or metabolic energy cost. We cannot measure this parameter in a fossil. This paper presents the most complete investigation yet of the metabolic and thermoregulatory costs of BHBK walking in humans. Data show that metabolic costs including the basal metabolic rate (BMR) increase by around 50% while the energy costs of locomotion and blood lactate production nearly double, heat load is increased, and core temperature does not return to normal within 20 minutes rest. Net effects imply that a resting period of 150% activity time would be necessary to prevent physiologically intolerable heat load. Preliminary data for children suggest that scaling effects would not significantly reduce relativ…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.001

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The use of more flexed hip and knee postures in the forest could increase external joint moments, thereby increasing the volume of active muscle and accordingly energy expenditure during walking.

    “The use of more flexed hip and knee postures in the forest could also increase external joint moments, thereby increasing the volume of active muscle and accordingly energy expenditure during walking (Carey & Crompton, 2005; Foster, Raichlen, & Pontzer, 2013).”

    From Forest terrains influence walking kinematics among indigenous Tsimane of the Bolivian Amazon (2022) · cites this paper as Carey & Crompton, 2005

  • Terrestrial bipedal walking, although possible by non-human primates for short periods, may be energetically expensive for them.

    “there have been a number of arguments put forward that as such, terrestrial bipedal walking, although possible by these species for short periods of time, may be energetically expensive (Carey and Crompton, 2005; Leonard and Robertson, 2001; Nakatsukasa et al., 2004; Pontzer et al., 2009; Rodman and McHenry, 1980).”

    From The energy costs of wading in water (2014) · cites this paper as Carey and Crompton, 2005

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Abitbol, 1995, Speculation on posture, locomotion, energy consumption, and blood flow in early hominids, Gait Posture, 3, 29, 10.1016/0966-6362(95)90806-4 · DOI
  2. Avlonitou, 1996, Maximal lactate values following competitive performance varying according to age, sex and swimming style, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 36, 24
  3. Brisswalter, 1996, Effect of three hours race walk on energy cost, cardiorespiratory parameters and stride duration in elite race walkers, Int. J. Sports Med., 17, 182, 10.1055/s-2007-972829 · DOI
  4. Butler, 1984, Physiological cost index of walking for normal children and its use as an indicator of physical handicap, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 26, 607, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04499.x · DOI
  5. Carey, T.S., 1998. The energetics of ‘bent-hip, bent-knee’ walking in humans: Implications for the evolution of bipedalism in early hominids. PhD. Thesis, The University of Liverpool.
  6. Crompton, 1998, The mechanical effectiveness of erect and ‘bent-knee, bent-hip’ bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis, J. Hum. Evol., 35, 55, 10.1006/jhev.1998.0222 · DOI
  7. Crompton, 2003, The Biomechanical Evolution of Erect Bipedality, Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 243, 115
  8. Hunt, 1992, The evolution of bipedality; ecology and functional morphology, J. Hum. Evol., 26, 183, 10.1006/jhev.1994.1011 · DOI
  9. Jungers, 1982, Lucy's limbs - skeletal allometry and locomotion in Australopithecus afarensis, Nature, 297, 676, 10.1038/297676a0 · DOI
  10. Karasov, 1992, Daily energy expenditure and the cost of activity in mammals, Am. Zool, 32, 238, 10.1093/icb/32.2.238 · DOI
  11. Kramer, 2000, Locomotor energetics and leg length in hominid bipedality, J. Hum. Evol., 38, 651, 10.1006/jhev.1999.0375 · DOI
  12. Leonard, 2001, Locomotor economy and the role Of bipedality: a reply to Steudel-Numbers, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 116, 174, 10.1002/ajpa.1111 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Li, 1996, Characteristics of ground reaction forces in normal and chimpanzee-like bipedal walking by humans, Folia Primatol., 66, 13, 10.1159/000157191 · DOI
  14. McMahon, 1986, Groucho running, J. Appl. Physiol., 62, 2326, 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2326 · DOI
  15. Moya-Sola, 1996, A Dryopithecus skeleton and the origins of great ape locomotion, Nature, 379, 156, 10.1038/379156a0 · DOI
  16. Nagano, A., Umberger B.R., Marzke M.W., Gerntsen KGM 2004. Neuromusculoskeletal computer modeling and simulation of upright, straight-legged, bipedal locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (web publication only). · DOI
  17. Powers, 1983, Ventilatory threshold, running economy and distance running performance of trained athletes, Res. Q. Exerc. Sport, 54, 179, 10.1080/02701367.1983.10605291 · DOI
  18. Rodman, 1980, Bioenergetics and the origin of hominid bipedalism, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 52, 103, 10.1002/ajpa.1330520113 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Sato, 1973, Postural effect on the relation between oxygen consumption and heart rate, J. Hum. Ergol., 2, 21
  20. Sellers, 2003, Predicting the metabolic energy costs of human bipedalism using evolutionary robotics, J. Exp. Biol., 206, 1127, 10.1242/jeb.00205 · DOI
  21. Sellers, 2004, Evaluating alternative gait strategies using evolutionary robotics, J. Anat., 206, 343, 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00294.x · DOI
  22. Stern, 1999, The cost of bent-knee, bent-hip bipedal gait. A reply to Crompton et al., J. Hum. Evol., 36, 567, 10.1006/jhev.1999.0290 · DOI
  23. Stern, 1983, The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 60, 279, 10.1002/ajpa.1330600302 · DOI
  24. Steudel, 1994, Locomotor energetics and hominid evolution, Evol. Anthrop., 2, 42, 10.1002/evan.1360030205 · DOI
  25. Steudel-Numbers, 2001, Role of locomotor economy in the origin of bipedal posture and gait, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 116, 171, 10.1002/ajpa.1110 · DOI
  26. Steudel-Numbers, 2004, The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominins, J. Hum. Evol., 47, 95, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.06.002 · DOI
  27. Tardieu, 1993, New method of 3-dimensional analysis of bipedal locomotion for the study of displacements of the body and body-parts centers of mass in man and nonhuman-primates - evolutionary framework, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 90, 455, 10.1002/ajpa.1330900406 · DOI
  28. Taylor, 1970, Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals, Am. J. Physiol., 219, 1104, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.4.1104 · DOI
  29. Taylor, 1973, Running on two or four legs: which consumes more energy?, Science, 179, 186, 10.1126/science.179.4069.186 · DOI
  30. Taylor, 1996, Angular movements of the lumbar spine and pelvis can be reliably measured after 4 minutes of treadmill walking, Clin. Biomech., 11, 484, 10.1016/S0268-0033(96)00036-8 · DOI
  31. Tesch, 1984, Blood lactate accumulation during arm exercise in world class kayak paddlers and strength trained athletes, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 52, 441, 10.1007/BF00943377 · DOI
  32. Thorpe, 2004, The Locomotor Ecology of Wild Orang-Utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra, Indonesia: A Multivariate Analysis using Log-Linear Modelling, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.
  33. Wang, 2003, Energy transformation during erect and bent-hip-bent-knee walking by humans with implications for the evolution of bipedalism, J. Hum. Evol., 44, 563, 10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00045-9 · DOI
  34. Wang, 2004, The role of load-carrying in the evolution of modern body proportions, J. Anatomy, 204, 417, 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00295.x · DOI
  35. Wang, 2004, Comparison of inverse-dynamics musculo-skeletal models of AL 288-1 Australopithecus afarensis and KNM-WT 15000 Homo ergaster to modern humans, with implications for the evolution of bipedalism, J. Hum. Evol., 47, 453, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.007 · DOI
  36. Yamazaki, 1996, Biomechanical analysis of the development of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model, Folia primatol., 66, 253, 10.1159/000157199 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Carey, T. S., & Crompton, R. H.
Venue
Journal of Human Evolution
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-01
Volume
48
Issue
1
Pages
25-44
ISSN
0047-2484
DOI
10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.001
Cited by
81
References
2
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review