The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 174 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 243 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy
Open accessAbstract
Abstract To tackle the alarming increase in e-waste or end-of-life (EoL) electronic products, consumer behavior towards the end of their useful life needs to be thoroughly studied. End users or consumers are the starting point where e-waste starts its journey into several paths within the circular economy (CE), such as repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. E-waste often ends up in landfill due to improper disposal of e-waste with household waste by consumers. Studying consumer behavior allows for the identification of appropriate approaches to achieve CE. Numerous academic journal papers have been published concerning consumers' e-waste-related knowledge and awareness, and behavior on consumption, disposal, storage, recycling, and repair. Substantial knowledge gap exists around how understandings of consumer behavior around e-waste may be integrated into the CE model. This article aims to reduce this gap by reviewing 109 research papers published in international peer-reviewed journals identified in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database, using content analysis methodology to analyze and review the articles. The study aims to provide invaluable input for developing a more consumer-centric CE framework for both policymakers and researchers seeking to advance knowledge and implementation strategies around e-waste. This is one of the earliest systematic reviews of studies on consumer behavior around e-waste. The study results show that consumers' disposal and recycling behaviors are the two main areas of research interest in the studies reviewed. In contrast, reuse and repair behavior were investigated to a lesser extent. In this study, several research gaps and areas for future research are identified, along with suggestions for a CE framework focusing on the e-waste sector that, encompasses policy initiatives and business model innovations. The identified studies presented here offer a valuable starting point for researchers who are starting to work on consumer behavior-related e-waste research.
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193 Not checked yet · 40 No basis given · 18 Own result · 15 Own interpretation · 6 Own method
In the paper
“Darby and Obara (2005) mentioned that consumers demanded more information on where they can recycle their small WEEE instead why they should recycle.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Darby and Obara (2005) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however, some studies indicated that level of awareness related to this is still substantially low (Awasthi and Li, 2018, Borthakur and Govind, 2019, Ravindra and Mor, 2019, Saritha et al., 2015)”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, 109 articles were found that only focused only on consumers' behavior around e-waste.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.1 Material collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The selected 109 articles are representative of global consumer behavior research on e-waste.
- Rests on an assumption: The WoS core collection and the keyword search captured all relevant articles on consumer behavior around e-waste.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 24 papers, e-waste was not categorized; here, it is considered”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.4 Product diversity in papers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“even sometimes people do not consider e-waste as dangerous and toxic (Pandebesie et al., 2019).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pandebesie et al., 2019 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“This scenario prevails both in developing and developed countries, for example, by Saphores et al. (2012) in the USA, where the authors found that consumers were unwilling to transfer the waste to proper recycling facilities.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saphores et al. (2012) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among large equipment, the most consumed products are washing machines, air conditioners and refrigerators (Cai et al., 2020, Nguyen et al., 2009).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.1 Growth of device penetration ratethe reasons
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Due to the lack of appropriate information regarding collection points, Colesca et al. (2014) found that 43.48% of the respondents dispose of their e-waste via other pathways such as landfills.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Colesca et al. (2014)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chi et al. (2014) mentioned that despite the higher economic benefits of old-for-new (OFN) collection schemes, 60.7% of respondents in their survey did not know about the price differences with other collection channels.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chi et al. (2014) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Often such awareness, especially location of the nearest e-waste collection points, was found limited (Borthakur and Govind, 2019, Cao et al., 2018, Gu et al., 2017, Ravindra and Mor, 2019) or even any e-waste recovery programs in city area such as Bangalore, India (Awasthi and Li, 2018), Hong Kong, China (Deng et al., 2017), Sydney, Australia (Islam et al., 2020b), although in some cases, related”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 71
- Probably not a substantial claim. 72
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MPs (over 45%) were the most widely discussed topic in the consumer behavior related e-waste research (identified by analyzing the papers), followed by DCs (over 25%) and liquid crystalline displays (LCDs) (25%).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.4 Product diversity in papers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 13% of the articles mentioned that a survey was performed; but did not explicitly mention any specific DCTs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.6 Primary data collection and analysis techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The selected articles were published in thirty-six different journal outlets.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.1 Journal-wise distribution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lack of information related to e-waste was found to be one of the critical aspects that need to be disseminated (Gök et al., 2017), as often e-waste recycling-related activities and consumers' role is unclear (understood as complicated and time-demanding task).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gök et al., 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest number of papers were published in 2019.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.2 Year-wise frequency of publications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, multiple DCTs were also observed; for instance, around 6% of the articles used both PBSs and FTFIs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.6 Primary data collection and analysis techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of research methodology (Fig. 8), the most frequent methodology was statistical (57%), followed by theoretical (17%), analytical (14%), survey (9%), and case study (3%).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.5 Distribution of research papers by methodology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After analyzing the data collection technique (DCT) of the papers (Fig. 9), it is found that face-to-face interviews (FTFI) were implemented by 24% of the articles, followed by paper-based surveys (PBS) (22%) and online surveys (21%).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.6 Primary data collection and analysis techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Generally, mature adult consumers consider e-waste to create negative environmental impacts (Afroz et al., 2013, Siringo et al., 2020, Tan et al., 2018), even young consumers (Islam et al., 2020b, Ramzan et al., 2019);”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an e-waste takeback system, lack of awareness, insufficient information, and socio-demographic factors (e.g., age, gender) significantly affect consumers' motivation to return e-waste (Botelho et al., 2016).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.1 Understanding and perceptions of e-waste
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botelho et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“40 papers out of 106 papers were published before 2016, while 70 papers from 2017 or later.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.2 Year-wise frequency of publications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1. SITTE (39%) products were most frequently considered, followed by SE (29%).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.4 Product diversity in papers
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disposal behavior was most commonly-assessed (26% of the 255 publications), followed by consumption behavior (20%) and knowledge and awareness (19%).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.6 Primary data collection and analysis techniques
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“China, under the group of developing countries, produced the highest number of articles (26 papers until November 2020), and this number is higher than the number of papers published by some of the countries from developed nations such as the USA (10 articles) and Spain (6 articles).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.3 Country-wise article production
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Fig. 4, it is evident that most of the papers were published in renowned journals such as the Journal of Cleaner Production, Waste Management, Resources Conservation, and Recycling and Sustainability.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.1 Journal-wise distribution
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Malaysia (5 papers), India (9 papers), and Brazil (5 papers) were some of the other developing countries in which consumers' behavior was studied.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.3 Country-wise article production
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The major contributing factors to high penetration and replacement rates were the rapid economic growth of a country (Bhatt et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2006, Nguyen et al., 2009), the income of growing consumer segments, and the competitive market for electronic products (Arain et al., 2020, Cai et al., 2020, Shaikh et al., 2020), affordable fast-pace technological innovation and price (Afroz et a”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.1 Growth of device penetration ratethe reasons
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Publicizing information regarding formal C&RSs was found to be critical in several studies (Cai et al., 2020, Park et al., 2019, Yin et al., 2014, Ylä-Mella et al., 2015), while Wang et al. (2018) disagreed with that.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Martinho et al. (2017) mentioned that environmental consciousness existed among Portuguese consumers, however, due to a lack of knowledge about recycling campaigns/programs, such moderately familiar aspects failed to capitalize on the higher collection and recycling rate of waste tablets and MPs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinho et al. (2017) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Product-specific waste collection, for instance, in the case of waste mobile phone (WMP) recycling, low awareness levels, and inadequate recycling abilities were considered as main obstacles (Liu et al., 2019).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.2 Lack of e-waste-related awarenessthe consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Young consumers in a developing country, such as China, believe that EM is a shared responsibility of different stakeholders, including consumers, the government, manufacturers, and sellers (Ramzan et al., 2019).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.5 Awareness improvement techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ramzan et al., 2019 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Huang et al. (2006) also found that respondents are willing to share environmental responsibilities around e-waste in China and similar perceptions exist amongst Australian consumers (Islam et al., 2020b).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.5 Awareness improvement techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al. (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites Islam et al. (2020b)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, Miner et al. (2020) mentioned that respondents' socio-demographic characteristics had no significant influence on the levels of awareness, knowledge, and willingness to participate in the EM programs and extended producer responsibility schemes.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.4 Impact of socio-economic factors on consumers' e-waste knowledge and awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miner et al. (2020) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among the various categories of e-waste, SE has a relatively shorter lifespan, and Echegaray (2016) found that the products' expected lifespan decreases with the electronic device's portability.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Echegaray (2016) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dagiliūtė et al. (2019) mentioned that despite self-reported awareness, consumers were not familiar with the various classifications of e-waste (category of EEE) under the national EM of Lithuania.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dagiliūtė et al. (2019) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“During the Christmas season, consumption of electrical and electronic toys increases (Pérez-Belis, V. et al., 2015).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.1 Growth of device penetration ratethe reasons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pérez-Belis, V. et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Saphores et al. (2006) mentioned that providing education to young people and making e-waste sites convenient (similar to the curbside collection program for other recyclable products) for older people were crucial aspects of participants' willingness to recycle.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.5 Awareness improvement techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saphores et al. (2006) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as indicated by Pasiecznik et al. (2017)'s study in which 12% of respondents (mostly young consumers) did so.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.2 Lack of e-waste-related awarenessthe consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pasiecznik et al. (2017) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Miner et al. (2020) mentioned that community-based interventions to improve awareness levels have significance.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miner et al. (2020) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“while Milovantseva and Saphores (2013a) found gender and age.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.4 Impact of socio-economic factors on consumers' e-waste knowledge and awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Milovantseva and Saphores (2013a)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Bai et al. (2018) reported that consumers tended to purchase mobile phones more frequently, and the service life of mobile phones was decreasing dramatically, with phones most commonly purchased brand new through official channels.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bai et al. (2018) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, within 2-3 years, MPs were replaced, and for computers, it was every 3-4 years.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.3 General product-focused trend
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In some studies, fashion pursuit (Cao et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2019),”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Authors also found that female respondents were more inclined towards”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tu et al. (2018)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bai et al. (2018) identified that more than two MPs were possessed by the majority of the consumers in China.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bai et al. (2018) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recommendations from friends and, store promotion were some of the motivating factors behind purchasing decisions (Afroz et al., 2012), while Huang et al. (2006) found that”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afroz et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The primary enablers for green product purchase and WTP for such products were environmental attitude (improving local environment), resource (money or wealth), ease of use, and product eco-labeling (Huang et al., 2006, Nnorom et al., 2009, Sheoran and Kumar, 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tu et al. (2018) found that brand recognition, service quality, usage period, and perceived prices are the most significant characteristics of”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tu et al. (2018)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“while Huang et al. (2006) found that”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al. (2006) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Echegaray (2016) and Li et al. (2012) showed variable ownership levels for different appliances, with MPs having the highest per-capita consumption and, DCs the lowest.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Echegaray (2016) source
- Not checked yetcites Li et al. (2012)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The products' purchase and use intentions were found to be positive, despite discrepancies about extra money (Saphores et al., 2007).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Saphores et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, replaced phones were still in working condition and hold economic value.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.5 Factors affecting device replacement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chi et al. (2014) mentioned that, except for mobile phones, per capita consumption for large equipment was higher than small equipment such as camcorders and printers.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.1 Growth of device penetration ratethe reasons
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chi et al. (2014) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, Araujo et al. (2017) observed that mobile phone ownership was higher than other LE such as WMs, ACs, and SE such as tablets and DCs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Araujo et al. (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rodrigues et al. (2020) found that the device acquisition (possession) period was higher for white goods but smaller for SE and screen categories.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.3 General product-focused trend
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al. (2020) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, beyond four years, none of the devices were used.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.3 General product-focused trend
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New device purchases do not necessarily depend on products being malfunctioned; instead, consumers demand improved quality or capacity.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Borthakur and Singh (2020) found that consumers tended to buy new phones even though their old phone is still working, with fashion and status often driving such behavior around mobile phones (Shaikh et al., 2020, Yin et al., 2014) and small equipment such as MP3/MP4 players and notebooks (Cai et al., 2020, Rodrigues et al., 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zhang, L. et al. (2019) mentioned that product functionality is shifting towards more portable devices (e.g., DCs' functions could be replaced by tablets and laptops and digital cameras by mobile phone).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.3 General product-focused trend
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang, L. et al. (2019)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Martinho et al. (2017) identified that smartphone usage is higher than tablets in Portugal.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinho et al. (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In India, Borthakur and Govind (2019) that the number of the out-of-use mobile phone was equal to or higher than the number of in-use mobile phones.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borthakur and Govind (2019) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For purchase motivation,”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tu et al. (2018)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles discussing for product replacement identified multiple reasons, which varied between products.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Comparative price (Afroz et al., 2012, Gök et al., 2017, Islam et al., 2016), warranty period, brands, and installment facilities were also found as critical criteria during product purchase (Islam et al., 2016).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.2 Factors-related to purchase decision
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall,”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > Ongondo and Williams (2011)
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consumers preferred to deliver e-waste to the channel due to economic benefits (Chung et al., 2011), as e-waste is considered a valuable commodity (Borthakur and Singh, 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.4 Influencing factors-associated with disposal decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chung et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Borthakur and Singh, 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Identifying”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.2 Analyzing consumers' storage behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chi et al., 2014 source
- Not checked yetcites Dwivedy andMittal, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding is different from others, where, in most cases, consumers wanted to store their devices at home.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.2.4 Mitigating measures against storage
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In developing countries, the informal sector e-waste collection is generally expected.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.4 Influencing factors-associated with disposal decision
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Top cited reasons for storing old devices found in the studies are shown in Table 4.These include barriers to recycling, such as cost and inconvenience, as well as the benefits of keeping devices, such as spare parts, data retention or to give to other people.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.2.3 Motivating factors behind storage behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only 8% of the articles (mostly from developed countries) discussed this specific consumer behavior.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.4 Analyzing consumers' R&R behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most instances, existing e-waste-related regulation was found to be weak and did not reflect consumers' economic perspectives.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.1.4 Legislation and regulatory interventions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Germany is also a gap, with only one paper identified despite it being one of the largest e-waste generating nations globally (Islam et al., 2020b).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Islam et al., 2020b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) mentioned that high-income group adequately dispose of e-waste in appropriate channels in Brazil.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Economic incentives can eliminate unused EEE items' storage behavior and improper disposal of e-waste (Nowakowski, 2019).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.1.2 Consumer-focused economic incentives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nowakowski, 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consumers' eco-friendly behavior remains until the product purchase, but is diminished in the usephase, and at the EoL phase.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy >
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most viable donation organizations are a charity and local schools (Gupta et al., 2014), where product reuse is often significantly higher than for other niche consumer segments.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.2.6 Charity organization and retailer coordination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gupta et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some studies, the WTP amount was investigated but the desired amount of incentives (cash or any other method) that consumers required was not investigated.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases, product user manuals provide information on product use with limited troubleshooting information or repair instructions.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.2 Business model innovation 4.2.1 Product design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Wang et al. (2011) found that substantial differences exist in term of e-waste storage behavior among homeowners and renters in China.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. (2011) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Borthakur and Govind (2019), e-waste-related studies are now being conducted mostly from natural/applied science disciplines.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy >
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borthakur and Govind (2019) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Dindarian et al. (2012), there are hardly any incentive available for designing products that facilitate reuse.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.2 Business model innovation 4.2.1 Product design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dindarian et al. (2012) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) mentioned that e-waste is not seen as a recyclable item as compared to other recyclable items such as paper, plastics, and others.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy >
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Echegaray and Hansstein (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Wang et al. (2011), the most critical factors attributed to using appropriate recovery channels are recycling habits, economic benefits, the convenience of recycling facilities and services, and residential conditions.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy >
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. (2011) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the authors found that income and level of education were not significant predictors for the group, so better statistical aspects considering other socio-economic variables such as the number of families in the households, the number of children need to be considered.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. (2011) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general TPB constructs were not assessed for secondhand product purchase, and in the future, researchers should identify the factors associated with the consumers' reuse behavior.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy >
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Online product selling and exchange sites play a critical role in influencing consumption behavior.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Young consumers (<30 years old) preferred to use e-commerce sites for e-waste disposal, while older people did not.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“main determining factors identified for enhanced participation of the consumers in any recycling system were compensation mode, collection price, and convenience degree, social pressure, laws and regulations, cost of recycling, and inconvenience of recycling.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang, Y. et al. (2019)
- Not checked yetcites Thi Thu Nguyen et al. (2018) source
- Not checked yetcites Milovantseva and Saphores (2013a)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the material collection, all necessary data have been extracted as per categories and subcategories identified by the researchers and input in a Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet to avoid repetition error.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.4 Material evaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Parajuly et al. (2019) identified that the consumer is one of the critical elements of the e-waste problem, with demand growth for EEE, consumers' environmental awareness, and behavior being key factors.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 1.1 E-waste and circular economy (CE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parajuly et al. (2019)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Broadly, consumer behavior focusing on e-waste can be categorized into several areas: consumption, storage, repair and reuse (R&R), disposal, and recycling (Bovea, M.D. et al., 2018).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 1.1 E-waste and circular economy (CE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bovea, M.D. et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NVivo version 12 plus was utilized in some places, identifying specific content and subsequent analysis and for cross-referencing purposes.This is how the validity of the content has been achieved.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.4 Material evaluation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability of the content was measured by both intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.4 Material evaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using inductive and deductive approaches simultaneously, two researchers performed a validity test as the last part of the content analysis process.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.4 Material evaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the WoS database, the same keywords were utilized to search articles, producing similar results with the correct articles.This is how reliability was established.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.4 Material evaluation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Environmental consciousness among young university students is expected to be higher than the general population, as seen by Dhingra and Maheshwari (2018) and Ramzan et al. (2019), and Islam et al. (2020b).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.3 Familiarity of collection and recycling programs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dhingra and Maheshwari (2018)
- Not checked yetcites Ramzan et al. (2019) source
- Not checked yetcites Islam et al. (2020b)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a formal system (developed and prepared as per environmental guidelines), 'weak environmental protection awareness' and limited knowledge of recycling channels results in a low collection rate, which is a loss in investment.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.2 Lack of e-waste-related awarenessthe consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to lack of knowledge, informal sector collectors and recyclers got an advantage and became more influential.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.2 Lack of e-waste-related awarenessthe consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kumar (2019) mentioned an opportunity to influence and propagate pro-environment behavior amongst young adults through university programs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.1.5 Awareness improvement techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumar (2019) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first two reasons were more evident in European developed countries, and the last one is seen from the developing country's context.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a common phenomenon in developing countries.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Indonesia is representative of developing countries for the phenomenon of unstable electrical voltage causing product malfunction.
In the paper
“Pandebesie et al. (2019) discovered that the unstable electrical voltage was the main reason for products malfunctioning in Indonesia.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.1.4 Reasons for device replacement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pandebesie et al., 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cao et al. (2016) indicated that due to”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.6 Barriers associated to disposal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cao et al. (2016) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is a product lifespan extension process that reduces EG (Rodrigues et al., 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.1 Mode of disposal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al., 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, product lifespan is a critical parameter that is generally used to estimate EG.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > Ongondo and Williams (2011)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Botelho et al. (2016) found that 'exchange for money' (mainly demanded by males) was the expected incentive in Portugal”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.5 Impact of socio-economic variables in disposal behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botelho et al. (2016) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“small-sized mobiles and cameras were stored at home and remained idle without incentives.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.6 Barriers associated to disposal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cao et al. (2016) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Song et al. (2012) concluded that Macau residents did not consider the small financial benefit of selling discarded electronic products, which was different from mainland Chinese residents.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.5 Impact of socio-economic variables in disposal behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Song et al. (2012) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dwivedy and Mittal (2013) found that in India, the age of waste microwave ovens was relatively shorter”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.5 Impact of socio-economic variables in disposal behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dwivedy and Mittal (2013) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“followed by 'exchange for new EEE,'”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.5 Impact of socio-economic variables in disposal behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botelho et al. (2016) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rodrigues et al. (2020) identified that the number of discarded units and the number of households were two critical parameters for RL system design.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rodrigues et al. (2020) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors found that consumers' innovative design ideas could significantly improve product design”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.4.1 Product design perspectives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chuang and Liao (2018) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Gilal et al. (2019) mentioned that WOM significantly impacted consumers' e-waste disposal behavior, which also motivated acting to recycle appropriately.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.4 Impact of awareness and perception on disposal decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gilal et al. (2019) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Botelho et al. (2016) found that lack of awareness of consumers, delivery of e-waste-related information, and the consumers' socio-demographic factors significantly affected consumers' motivation to return e-waste.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.4 Impact of awareness and perception on disposal decision
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Botelho et al. (2016) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zhang, L. et al. (2019) mentioned that”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang, L. et al. (2019)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cao et al. (2016) found that”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cao et al. (2016) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cost of delivery (by consumers) to the collection system and receiving incentives were the two significant attributes of a successful system.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.2 Key attributes -Provision of incentives
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Awasthi and Li (2018) argued that non-government organizations (NGOs) could play a vital role in mediating consumers' improper disposal behavior where sociocultural circumstances, lack of advanced technology and infrastructure, and environmental considerations are limited.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Awasthi and Li (2018) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of collection points, % of female, % of waste separately collected were positively correlated with kg of E-waste collected.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tan et al. (2018) mentioned that WEEE-related regulation is expected to affect mobile phone collection positively.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tan et al. (2018) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, well-designed and door-stepping delivery of the campaigns could potentially shape consumers' disposal behavior for the items.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.4 Impact of awareness and perception on disposal decision
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Gök et al. (2017) found that sorting e-waste from other types of waste was performed by 28% of the participants, mostly YUSs.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gök et al. (2017)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Song et al. (2012) indicated that consumers demanded government departments or other organizations to be involved in the e-waste disposal, mostly a well-developed collection system that included a component”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Song et al. (2012) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kumar (2017) argued that multinational mobile manufacturing companies had collection points in India”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumar (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“involvement and endorsement of the recycling industry and government were imperative (Bai et al., 2018).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bai et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Pierron et al. (2017) mentioned that the stockpiled small e-waste category represented a vital source of revenue.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.2 Key attributes -Provision of incentives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pierron et al. (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Martinho et al. (2017) mentioned that producer responsibility organizations (PROs), private entities (including non-government organizations (NGOs)) could be potential places for sustainable disposal locations”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Martinho et al. (2017) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the light of the CE principle, R&R is the first step of the entire closed-loop chain that extends the product lifespan and reclaim the value of used EEE.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.4 Analyzing consumers' R&R behavior
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a need for direct communication and booking channel with visiting engineers at the e-waste collection facility (and as a free service), which the consumers preferred.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.2 Key attributes -Provision of incentives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and more than half failed to provide information on physical collection points.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumar (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In China, the”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yin et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive impact”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ramzan et al., 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Convenience and policy effectiveness influenced the youth e-waste disposal intention (Shaharudin et al., 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shaharudin et al., 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ongondo and Williams (2011) concluded that students' union facilities and libraries were the preferred central locations for disposal.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7 Collection system/online recycling platforms 3.2.3.7.1 Reverse logistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ongondo and Williams (2011) source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“while local companies had no take-back mechanisms”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.3.7.3 Policy-oriented regulatory intervention and actors' involvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumar (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More products are now being sold online than ever before, and in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, sales of electronic products have been skyrocketing (World Economic Forum, 2020).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.2.4 Online markets and data management for EG
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites World Economic Forum, 2020
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, according to Benabou and Tirole (2003), incentives are weak behavior reinforcers over the short term and negatively impact long term behavior.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 4.1.2 Consumer-focused economic incentives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benabou and Tirole (2003) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while 0.75% of the participants bought second-hand small EEE.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.4.1 Product design perspectives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pérez-Belis et al. (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The study results also revealed that consumers demanded product information (in terms of design and labeling) and the products' durability.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 3.2.4.1 Product design perspectives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pérez-Belis et al. (2017) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the focus topic encompasses an interdisciplinary field of research, if any paper missed the WoS database keywords, it might not appear in the collection and would not have been included in the analysis.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, it is often hard to provide a generalized recommendation linking circular economy principles (building blocks) and associated pathways as socio-economic conditions, policy, and regulation are both country and culture specific.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The authors state this as an assumption.
This is the first attempt at reviewing consumer awareness and behavior focused on e-waste, considering all the behavioral aspects.
“To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt at reviewing consumer awareness and behavior focused on e-waste, considering all the behavioral aspects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected 109 articles are representative of global consumer behavior research on e-waste.
“Finally, 109 articles were found that only focused only on consumers' behavior around e-waste.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The WoS core collection and the keyword search captured all relevant articles on consumer behavior around e-waste.
“To collect relevant articles that focused only on consumer behavior around e-waste, an extensive search was performed in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database using”
The paper relies on this without support.
Indonesia is representative of developing countries for the phenomenon of unstable electrical voltage causing product malfunction.
“It is a common phenomenon in developing countries.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Most consumers feel reluctant to dispose of e-waste through formal collection and recycling channels due to the considerable amount of time involved.
“It is assumed that most consumers feel reluctant to dispose of e-waste through formal collection and recycling channels due to the considerable amount of time involved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The growing secondhand product market is evident worldwide, primarily involving online product selling platforms such as eBay and Gumtree in Australia.
“The growing secondhand product market is evident worldwide, primarily involving online product selling platforms such as eBay and Gumtree (in Australia).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cheaper products tend to have shorter lifespans.
“As cheaper products tend to have shorter lifespans, product design characteristics need to be investigated further.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“40 papers out of 106 papers were published before 2016, while 70 papers from 2017 or later.”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 2.2.2 Year-wise frequency of publications
Reported 106 · recomputed 110
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 5. Analysis of research gap and future research directions
“Apart from China and India, the number of studies that have been performed on consumer beahvior around e-waste in developing countries is limited and requires further attention (as per Fig. 3).”
§ A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy > 6. Conclusion
“Fig. 3. Summary of the steps involved in qualitative content analysis, adapted from Mayring (2001) cited in Islam and Huda (2018b)”
Citations
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00253 · Cited by 2,913
Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry
Lieder, M., & Rashid, A. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042 · Cited by 2,762
Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution
Mayring, P. (2014) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · Cited by 2,173
Reconstructing the Giant: On the Importance of Rigour in Documenting the Literature Search Process
Brocke, J. V., Simons, A., Niehaves, B., Reimer, K., Plattfaut, R., & Cleven, A. (2009) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 1,383
Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches
Pieroni, M. P. P., McAloone, T. C., & Pigosso, D. C. A. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.036 · Cited by 1,143
The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows and the circular economy potential
Forti, V., Baldé, K., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020) · UNU Collections (United Nations University) · Cited by 1,033
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203107980-24 · Cited by 814
The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016) · Corwin eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781071939031 · Cited by 731 · cited 3×
“5 Storage period 616 Milovantseva and Saphores (2013b) found that storing waste TV sets for up to 5 years was evident in American 617 households where the number of sets was one or more.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the intention-behavior gap in electronic waste recycling: the case of Brazil
Echegaray, F., & Hansstein, F. V. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.064 · Cited by 509
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Directive, 2012, Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment, WEEE, Off. J. European Union, 197, 38
- MacArthur, 2013, Towards the circular economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 2, 23
- Parajuly, 2020, Behavioral change for the circular economy: a review with focus on electronic waste management in the EU. Resources, Conserv. Recycl. X, 6, 100035
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A review on recovery processes of metals from E-waste: A green perspective
Dutta, D., Rautela, R., Gujjala, L. K. S., Kundu, D., Sharma, P., Tembhare, M., & Kumar, S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160391 · Cited by 244
Ghulam, S. T., & Abushammala, H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15031837 · Cited by 187
“At present, approximately 900 diverse types of EEE are available in the international market [6].”
BackgroundHossain, R., Islam, M. T., Ghose, A., & Sahajwalla, V. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133127 · Cited by 178
Self-citationLithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review
Islam, M. T., & Iyer‐Raniga, U. (2022) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling7030033 · Cited by 167
Self-citationSustainable Solutions Through Innovative Plastic Waste Recycling Technologies
Alaghemandi, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162310401 · Cited by 163
“Increasing awareness can significantly influence consumer behavior, leading to higher participation in recycling initiatives [340,341].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Islam, M. T., Huda, N., Baumber, A., Shumon, R., Zaman, A., Ali, F., Hossain, R., & Sahajwalla, V.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- RMIT University (AU)
- Curtin University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Islam, Md Tasbirul
- Huda, Nazmul
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 316
- Pages
- 128297
- ISSN
- 0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3178329719
- Semantic Scholar
- fe125a3c741e1d1d5c318981f5b836fa6d7fb5e2
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 21.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (acceptedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Macquarie University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Keywords
- electronic waste, consumer behavior, circular economy, e-waste recycling, e-waste disposal, reuse, repair, remanufacturing, consumer awareness, business model innovation, e-waste policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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