Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Perspectives of Second-Generation Polylactic Acid: The Benefits of Integrating a Recycling Strategy
Open accessAbstract
The climate crisis calls for a shift from petrochemicals to bio-based products to reduce environmental consequences. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used biopolymers, due to its mechanical properties and renewable origin, to produce bio-based compostable plastic for food packaging. The objective of this study is to determine the environmental feasibility of a second-generation PLA production based on wheat straw; and the role of a chemical recycling plant on the environmental performance of a bioproduct at an early design stage. A holistic assessment was performed through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology considering both attributional and consequential perspectives, through a cradle-to-grave approach. The attributional LCA results show that lactic acid production was the main contributor due to the wheat straw pre-treatment and downstream separation and purification (DSP) processes. The integration of a recycling plant leads to a significant reduction of burdens, ranging from 1.38 to 0.44 kg CO2eq in the Global Warming category. Furthermore, consequential LCA results shows that the increased demand for substitute products for activities such as feeding, fertilisation and energy generation and the indirect emissions from land use change related to the conversion of land for the cultivation of raw materials are relevant factors in the environmental effects associated with the possible implementation of straw-based bioPLA production system.
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LCA studies consistently show that key impact categories such as climate change, human toxicity, and fossil resource depletion are minimized with mechanical recycling, primarily due to lower energy requirements and avoidance of virgin material production.
“Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies consistently show that key impact categories such as climate change, human toxicity, and fossil resource depletion are all minimized with mechanical recycling, primarily due to lower energy requirements and the avoidance of virgin material production [7,8].”
From Effect of Degradation During Multiple Primary Mechanical Recycling Processes on the Physical Properties and Biodegradation of Commercial PLA-Based Water Bottles (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Rebolledo-Leiva, R., Ladakis, D., Ioannidou, S.-M., Koutinas, A., Moreira, M. T., & González-García, S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- Agricultural University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Rebolledo-Leiva, Ricardo
- Venue
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 420
- Pages
- 138354
- ISSN
- 0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4385622066
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Hispana (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Repositorio institucional da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (University of Santiago de Compostela) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
- Keywords
- wheat straw, chemical recycling, bio-based plastics, lactic acid production, land use change emissions, indirect emissions, energy crops, environmental feasibility
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