The SF-36 summary scales were valid, reliable, and equivalent in a Chinese population
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To find out whether the SF-36 physical and mental health summary (PCS and MCS) scales are valid and equivalent in the Chinese population in Hong Kong (HK).Study design and setting The SF-36 data of a cross-sectional study on 2,410 Chinese adults randomly selected from the general population in HK were analyzed.Results The hypothesized two-factor structure of the physical and mental health summary scales (PCS and MCS) was replicated and the expected differences in scores between known morbidity groups were shown. The internal reliability coefficients of the PCS and MCS scales ranged from 0.85 to 0.87. The effect size differences between the U.S. standard and HK-specific PCS and MCS scores were mostly <0.5. The effect size differences in the standard PCS and MCS scores of specific groups between the U.S. and H.K. populations were all <0.5.Conclusion The PCS and MCS scales were applicable to the Chinese population in HK. The high level of measurement equivalence of the scales between the U.S. and H.K. populations suggests that data pooling between the two populations could be possible. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the SF-36 summary scales are valid and equivalent in an Asian population.
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Quality of life will be assessed with the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
“Quality of life will be assessed with the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), which evaluates the health-related quality of life and is analyzed into 2 main domains, the physical component and the mental component [27].”
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Interpreting SF-12 mental component score: an investigation of its convergent validity with CESD-10
Yu, D. S. F., Yan, E., & Chow, C. K. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-0959-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“plaining over 80 % of variance of the corresponding scores of the SF-36 (Hong Kong Chinese version) [23, 24, 25].”
BackgroundValidity and reliability of the SF-36 in Chilean older adults: the ALEXANDROS study
Lera, L., Fuentes‐García, A., Hugo Sánchez, R., & Cecilia Albala, B. (2013) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-012-0256-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Several authors have demonstrated the reliability and validity of SF-36 questionnaire and their two factors structure in patients suffering from different diseases (Alonso et al. 1995; Lam et al. 2005; Vilagut et al. 2005; Lugo et al. 2006; Wollmerstedt et al. 2006; Mohammadpour and Yousefi 2008).”
BackgroundSF-6D population norms for the Hong Kong Chinese general population
Wong, C. K. H., Mulhern, B. J., Cheng, G. H. L., & Lam, C. L. K. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-018-1887-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The Chinese (Hong Kong) 24 SF-36v1 and SF-36v2 have been translated and validated for the Chinese adult population in 25 Hong Kong (18).”
MethodSelf-citationEfficacy of CT Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment for Trigeminal Postherpetic Neuralgia
Ding, Y., Hong, T., Li, H., Yao, P., & Zhao, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00708 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“SF-36 evaluation (Lam et al., 2005): the quality of life was assessed before and after the operation, including physical and mental status.”
MethodXia, R., Wan, M., Lin, H., Qiu, P., Ye, Y., He, J., Yin, L., Tao, J., Chen, L., & Zheng, G. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034965 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jaber, A. A. S., & Ibrahim, B. (2019) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-019-1211-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment In Treatment-Naïve Bipolar II and Unipolar Depression
Mak, A. D. P., Lau, D. T. Y., Chan, A. K. W., So, S. H., Leung, O. N. W., Wong, S., LAM, L. C. W., Leung, C. M., & Lee, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20295-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mok, C., Li, O., Chan, K., Ho, L., & Hui, P. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009742.2015.1038300 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by the SF-36 (15).”
MethodInfluentialChen, Z., Lin, W., Zhao, S., Mo, X., Yuan, W., Cheung, W., Fu, D., & Chen, B. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-20-2333 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It has been proved that the SF-36 PCS and MCS scales are valid, reliable, and equivalent for the Chinese adult population (20).”
BackgroundRadiofrequency thermocoagulation for V2/V3 idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
Yao, P., Deng, Y.-Y., Hong, T., Wang, Z., Ma, J., Zhu, Y., Li, H., Ding, Y., & Pan, S.-N. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004019 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yu, D. S. F. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14259 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lam, W. C., Au, K. Y., Qin, Z., Wu, F. M., Chong, C. O., Jiang, F., He, Y., Ng, B. F. L., Yeung, W., Lao, L., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.05.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Xia, R., Wang, S., Xue, W., Yang, J. Q., Sun, S., & Zhuang, G. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020256 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“general population norms were used as references due to the lack of general mainland Chinese population norms, but the equivalence of the SF-36 summary scales in the Chinese population has been proved [21].”
MethodZheng, G., Huang, M., Li, S., Li, M., Xia, R., Zhou, W., Tao, J., & Chen, L. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010602 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lu, C.-H., Luo, Z., Wang, J., Zhong, J.-H., & Wang, P. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120202205 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“[21]”
Hou, Y., Wu, Q., Zhang, D., Jin, X., Wu, W., & Wang, X. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01411-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Quality of life and its influencing factors among medical professionals in China
Wu, S., Zhu, W., Li, H., Yu, I. T.-S., Lin, S., Wang, X., & Yang, S. (2009) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0496-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The PCS and MCS scores were calculated using the standard scoring algorithms (Ware et al. 1995; Lam et al. 2005).”
MethodCT-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency at Different Voltages in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia
Han, Z., Hong, T., Ding, Y., Wang, S., & Yao, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.579486 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It has three domains including physical functioning, social functioning, and mental health (Lam et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDaerga, L., Edin‐Liljegren, A., & Sjölander, P. (2008) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v67i1.18223 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yu, D. S. F., Thompson, D. R., Yu, C., & Oldridge, N. (2008) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.10.043 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tse, A. W. Y., Lai, L. H., Lee, C. C., Tsoi, K. K. F., Wong, V. W., Chan, Y., Sung, J. J. �., Chan, F. K. L., & Wu, J. C. Y. (2010) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.52 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“, education level, economic status, employment, number of sick leaves), SF-36 and GHQ-12 at the visit.(17,18) Modified Version 2.”
InfluentialYu, D. S. F., Thompson, D. R., Yu, C., & Oldridge, N. (2008) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00863.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, L., Reinhardt, J., Zhang, X., Pennycott, A., Zhao, Z., Zeng, X.-H., & Li, J. (2015) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1951 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Higher rates of literacy are associated with better physical health (as reflected by the SF-36 physical function and role-physical scores) and mental health status (shown in the SF-36 social functioning, role-emotional and mental health results).”
MethodInfluentialLiang, Y. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0755-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Liu, J., Feng, W., Zhou, J., Huang, F., Long, L., Wang, Y., Liu, P., Huang, X., Yang, M., Wang, K., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101077 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Huang, L., Xu, X., Zhang, L., Zheng, D., Liu, Y., Feng, B., Hu, J., Lin, Q., Xi, X., Wang, Q., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782478 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“According to the standardized scoring of measures of physical and mental factors, the total scores of the SF-36, including the physical component summary (PCS) and the MCS, have been converted into T scores, with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 for the normal population (42).”
MethodThe English and Chinese language versions of the Short Form 12-item Health Survey are equivalent
Fong, D., Wong, J. Y. H., Choi, E. P. H., Lam, K., & Kwok, C. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01653-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Medical Outcome Survey’s (MOS) Short-Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36) has been a widely used health-related quality of life instrument applicable to the general population [4].”
Self-citationWang, H., Feng, X., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., & Xiong, R. (2021) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2812 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Yao, P., Hong, T., Zhu, Y., Li, H., Wang, Z., Ding, Y., Ma, J., & Pan, S.-N. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005247 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lee, D., Choi, K. C., Chair, S. Y., Yu, D. S. F., & Lau, S. T. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312451541 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Eligible participants were those meeting the following criteria: (1) aged over 18 years, (2) of Chinese ethnicity, (3) diagnosed with CHD, and (4) able to communicate in Chinese.”
MethodResultInfluentialWang, Y., Yan, J., Chen, J., Wang, C., Lin, Y., Wu, Y., & Hu, R. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02785-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Cai, Y., Xue, Y., Zheng, X., Yang, X. Y., Lü, J., Hou, L., & Li, M. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01793-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The 36‐item short‐form health survey (SF‐36) This study applied the Chinese version of the SF-36, which consists of 36 items to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of participants [31].”
MethodIndividual social capital and health-related quality of life among older rural Chinese
Sun, X., LIU, K., Webber, M., & Shi, L. (2015) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x15001099 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Quality of Life of Seniors Hospitalized Due to Cardiovascular Diseases in Poland
Sygit, K., Pasierbiak, K., Sygit, M., & Cipora, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103721 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Education (higher education in particular) and high awareness of health or well-being resulted in a higher quality of life of the respondents [21,22].”
BackgroundRan, L., Kong, H., Du, M., He, J., Zhong, Q., Ran, Y., Si, Y., Zhang, J., Yao, C., Luo, H., et al. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1257-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Quality of life in major depressive disorder: the role of pain and pain catastrophizing cognition
Chung, K., Tso, K., Yeung, W., & Li, W. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The patients' pain, anxiety, and depression scores at 3 months were significantly lower than those at baseline, and all domains of QOL had significantly improved; however, all SF-36 scores at 3 months remained significantly lower than the Hong Kong general population norms [37,38].”
BackgroundGu, R., Zhang, D., Jin, X., Wu, W., Hou, Y., Wu, Q., & Wang, X. (2019) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12400 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rainer, T. H., Yeung, H. H., Gabbe, B. J., Yuen, K. Y., Ho, H. F., Kam, C. W., Chang, A., Poon, W. S., Cameron, P. A., & Graham, C. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103396 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“There are UK, US, Australian, Chinese and Hong Kong specific ‘population norms’ for the major subdivisions and subscales of the SF which allow meaningful comparisons of health status between the group of interest and the general population [28–29].”
Background
- Authors
- Lam, C. L. K., Tse, E. Y. Y., Gandek, B., & Fong, D. Y. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Lam, Cindy L.K.
- ORCID
- Lam, Cindy L.K.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 815-822
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137450779
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- SF-36, physical component summary, mental component summary, measurement invariance, cross-cultural validation, Chinese adults, Hong Kong, internal consistency, factor structure, data pooling, Asian populations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Health Status Indicators, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, United States, Asian People
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