Cochrane Centralised Search Service showed high sensitivity identifying randomized controlled trials: A retrospective analysis
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) is compiled from a number of sources, including PubMed and Embase. Since 2017, we have increased the number of sources feeding into CENTRAL and improved the efficiency of our processes through the use of application programming interfaces, machine learning, and crowdsourcing.Our objectives were twofold: (1) Assess the effectiveness of Cochrane's centralized search and screening processes to correctly identify references to published reports which are eligible for inclusion in Cochrane systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). (2) Identify opportunities to improve the performance of Cochrane's centralized search and screening processes to identify references to eligible trials. METHODS: We identified all references to RCTs (either published journal articles or trial registration records) with a publication or registration date between 1st January 2017 and 31st December 2018 that had been included in a Cochrane intervention review. We then viewed an audit trail for each included reference to determine if it had been identified by our centralized search process and subsequently added to CENTRAL. RESULTS: We identified 650 references to included studies with a publication year of 2017 or 2018. Of those, 634 (97.5%) had been captured by Cochrane's Centralised Search Service. Sixteen references had been missed by the Cochrane's Centralised Search Service: six had PubMed-not-MEDLINE status, four were missed by the centralized Embase search, three had been misclassified by Cochrane Crowd, one was from a journal not indexed in MEDLINE or Embase, one had only been added to Embase in 2019, and one reference had been rejected by the automated RCT machine learning classifier. Of the sixteen missed references, eight were the main or only publication to the trial in the review in which it had been included. CONCLUSION: This analysis has shown that Cochrane's centralized search and screening processes are highly sensitive. It has also helped us to understand better why some references to eligible RCTs have been missed. The CSS is playing a critical role in helping to populate CENTRAL and is moving us toward making CENTRAL a comprehensive repository of RCTs.
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CENTRAL is updated only monthly at present.
“as CENTRAL is currently only updated once a month 9 39 42”
From Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
No article met the original eligibility criteria, though five studies offered additional insights relevant to the search recommendations.
“Although none met the original eligibility criteria, five studies provided further insights to the search recommendations.[8][9][10][11][12]”
From Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
CENTRAL is currently updated only once a month.
“Additional searches of Medline, such as through PubMed, and possibly Embase (if access is available) may be limited to the previous two months to capture the most recently published studies, as CENTRAL is currently only updated once a month.9 39 42”
From Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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Freijah, I., Jones, K., Coleman, T. J., Perlen, S., Kennedy, M., Passey, M. E., McKenzie, J. E., & Chamberlain, C. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old
Moore, T. H., Tomlinson, E., Spiga, F., Higgins, J. P. T., Gao, Y., Caldwell, D. M., Nobles, J., Dawson, S., Ijaz, S., Savović, J., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015330 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Topical anti-inflammatory treatments for eczema: network meta-analysis
Steele, L., Stuart, B. L., Axon, E., Lax, S. J., Harvey, J., Roberts, A., Santer, M., Williams, H. C., Drucker, A. M., & Boyle, R. J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015064 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kristjansson, E., Dignam, M., Rizvi, A., Osman, M., Magwood, O., Olarte, D., Cohen, J. F., Krasevec, J., Grover, T., Labelle, P. R., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014794.pub2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Multimodal health behaviour-changing interventions for adolescents living with obesity
Franco, J. V. A., Guo, Y., Bongaerts, B. W. C., Metzendorf, M., Hindemit, J., Aqra, Z., Alhalahla, M., Tapinova, K., Villegas-Arbeláez, E., Alade, O. T., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old
Moore, T. H., Tomlinson, E., Spiga, F., Higgins, J. P. T., Gao, Y., Caldwell, D. M., Nobles, J., Dawson, S., Ijaz, S., Savović, J., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015328 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Richards, R., Foster, J. P., & Psaila, K. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009719.pub3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prevention of self-harm and suicide in young people up to the age of 25 in education settings
Fortune, S. A., Sharma, V., Bowden, L., Hobbs, L., Marshall, D. C., Mitchell, C., Clarke, A., Robinson, J., Shave, R., Macleod, E., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013844 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Olfactory stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
Lenells, M., Prescott, M. G., Wróblewska‐Seniuk, K., Fiander, M., Soll, R. F., Bruschettini, M., & supported by the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group and Cochrane Sweden (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children
Ringsten, M., Kredo, T., Ebrahim, S., Hohlfeld, A., & Bruschettini, M. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015087.pub2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shorter versus longer duration antibiotic regimens for treatment of suspected neonatal sepsis
Legge, A. A., Middleton, J. L., Fiander, M., Cracknell, J., Osborn, D. A., & Gordon, A. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Bariatric surgery in adults with obesity and diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis
Kiesswetter, E., Stadelmaier, J., Schwarzer, G., Marjanović, G., Fink, J. M., Lehane, C., Metzendorf, M., Dias, S., Schmucker, C. M., & Schwingshackl, L. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015622 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shorter versus longer duration antibiotic regimens for treatment of culture-positive neonatal sepsis
Legge, A. A., Middleton, J. L., Fiander, M., Cracknell, J., Osborn, D. A., & Gordon, A. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015555 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vestibular stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants
Prescott, M. G., Lenells, M., Fiander, M., Soll, R. F., Bruschettini, M., Wróblewska‐Seniuk, K., & Neonatal, S. B. C. S. A. C. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016072 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ho, J. J., Kidman, A. M., Chua, B., Chang, G., Fiander, M., & Davis, P. G. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000143.pub2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants
Moresco, L., Marques, K. A., Ardiles-Ruesjas, S., Soll, R. F., & Bruschettini, M. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015462 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Home visiting for postpartum depression
Yu, M., Washburn, M., Bayhi, J. L., Xu, W., Carr, L. C., & Sampson, M. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015984 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
van Doorn, S., Idema, D. L., Heus, P., Damen, J. A., Spijker, R., Japenga, E. J., Reesink, H. J., & Hooft, L. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013810.pub2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
Illum, D. B., Døssing, S. C. B., Quistgaard, M., Jørgensen, M. S., Møller, L., Gillies, D. M., Kristensen, M. T. T., Nestved, S. K., Schaug, J. P., Gluud, C. N., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015983 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Postextubation use of non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants: a network meta-analysis
Razak, A., Shah, P. S., Kadam, M., Borhan, S., & Mukerji, A. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014509.pub2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sucrose analgesia for venepuncture in neonates
Bueno, M., de Cândido, L. K., Hu, J., Fiander, M., Cracknell, J., Xu, E., Kang, J., Yamada, J. K., & Supported by the Cochrane Neonatal Group (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015221.pub2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent obesity in children under 2 years old
Moore, T. H., Phillips, S. M., Heslehurst, N., Hodder, R. K., Dawson, S., Gao, Y., Hesketh, K. R., & Summerbell, C. D. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015324 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Osman, A. A., Tayeb, B. A., Metzendorf, M., Bongaerts, B. W. C., Mohammed, N., Njangiru, I. K., & Franco, J. V. A. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rath, C. P., Samnakay, N., Deshpande, G. C., Sutyak, K. M., Basani, L., Simmer, K. N., Fiander, M., & Rao, S. C. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006182.pub3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates
Persad, E., Pizarro, A. B., Alarcon-Ruiz, C. A., & Bruschettini, M. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015179 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old
Moore, T. H., Phillips, S. M., Hodder, R. K., O’Brien, K. M., Hillier-Brown, F. C., Dawson, S., Gao, Y., & Summerbell, C. D. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015326 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Decongestants and antihistamines for acute otitis media in children
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Identifying Randomized Controlled Trials
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Minimizing blood sampling in preterm infants
Nissimov, S., Sibrecht, G., Weerasekara, I., Bartocci, M., Bruschettini, M., & Neonatal, S. B. C. S. A. C. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016077 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Financial incentives for family members of hospitalized neonates for improving family presence
Wróblewska‐Seniuk, K., Wallman-Stokes, A. W., Edwards, E. M., Fiander, M., Bruschettini, M., & Soll, R. F. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014572 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Training to increase parental participation in the care of infants in neonatal units
Bäcke, P., Blomqvist, Y. T., Dalsbø, T. K., Fiander, M., Soll, R. F., & Bruschettini, M. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014837 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Indications and timings for caffeine initiation in preterm infants
Borys, F., Wróblewska‐Seniuk, K., Fiander, M., Soll, R. F., Ringsten, M., Bruschettini, M., Sibrecht, G., & Sweden, S. B. C. N. A. C. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016274 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Klerings, I., Dobrescu, A. I., Nußbaumer-Streit, B., Sharifan, A., Neubauer-Bruckner, C., & Gartlehner, G. (2026) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-026-02870-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates
Martins, G. P., Fiander, M., Taddio, A., & Shah, V. S. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001452.pub5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Noel-Storr, A. H., Dooley, G., Wisniewski, S., Glanville, J., Thomas, J., Cox, S., Featherstone, R., & Foxlee, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Cochrane (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Noel-Storr, A.H.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 142-150
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3048480974
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 10.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/J005037/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Keywords
- randomized controlled trials, search sensitivity, MEDLINE, Embase, crowdsourcing, machine learning classifiers, audit trail
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Data Aggregation, Humans, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic, MEDLINE, Information Storage and Retrieval, PubMed, Crowdsourcing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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