The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Handling missing data in clinical research
Open accessAbstract
Because missing data are present in almost every study, it is important to handle missing data properly. First of all, the missing data mechanism should be considered. Missing data can be either completely at random (MCAR), at random (MAR), or not at random (MNAR). When missing data are MCAR, a complete case analysis can be valid. Also when missing data are MAR, in some situations a complete case analysis leads to valid results. However, in most situations, missing data imputation should be used. Regarding imputation methods, it is highly advised to use multiple imputations because multiple imputations lead to valid estimates including the uncertainty about the imputed values. When missing data are MNAR, also multiple imputations do not lead to valid results. A complication hereby is that it not possible to distinguish whether missing data are MAR or MNAR. Finally, it should be realized that preventing to have missing data is always better than the treatment of missing data.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When planning to handle anticipated missing data, protocol authors have a choice between various methods, including imputing data, fitting a mixed effects model to repeated measures data, or omitting participants.428 429”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [429]
In the citing paper
“The mechanism resulting in missing data affects the risk of bias and decisions on how best to handle the missing data.428 429”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [429]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
RUBIN, D. B. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · Cited by 9,925
Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299
(2010) · Cited by 7,034
(2010) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 6,037
A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures.
Collins, L. M., Schafer, J. L., & Kam, C.-M. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.330 · Cited by 2,389
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys.
Lynn, P. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348774 · Cited by 2,330
The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials
Little, R. J., D'Agostino, R., Cohen, M. L., Dickersin, K., Emerson, S. S., Farrar, J. T., Frangakis, C., Hogan, J. W., Molenberghs, G., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1203730 · Cited by 1,884
Missing Data in Clinical Research: A Tutorial on Multiple Imputation
Austin, P. C., White, I. R., Lee, D. S., & van Buuren, S. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.010 · Cited by 1,006 · cited 1×
“CCA has a lot of drawbacks and should be avoided in general [8].”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 399
Visser, T. S., Brul, S. L., Deng, J. F., Bonsel, J. M., van Es, E. M., Eygendaal, D. E., & de Vos, R. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-107633 · Cited by 5
Enhancing data integrity in Electronic Health Records: Review of methods for handling missing dataPreprint
Vahdati, A., Cotterill, S., Marsden, A., & Kontopantelis, E. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.24307268 · Cited by 5
Effatpanah, F., Schmitt, M., Kunina‐Habenicht, O., & Doebler, P. (2025) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2025.2540341 · Cited by 4
Uludağ, K. (2024) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2703-6.ch011 · Cited by 4
Legrand, F. D., Jeandet, P., Polidori, G., Beaumont, F., & Rhodes, R. E. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102760 · Cited by 6
Interpretive machine learning predicts short-term mortality risk in elderly sepsis patients
Zhu, X., Jiang, Z.-M., Xiao, L., Lv, Z.-W., Tian, J., & Su, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1549138 · Cited by 4
Huang, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Hsu, C. L., Chung, R., Wu, W., Zheng, D. K. Y., Xiong, Z., Chang, J. R., Zheng, Y., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70084 · Cited by 5
Liew, X. Y., Lee, J. Y., Ong, J. Y., Tham, Y. Y., Yeoh, E. D., Osman, M. A., & Goh, C. F. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114505 · Cited by 4
Khan, M. M., Shah, N., Arshad, M. M., Alrabayah, T., & Belkhair, S. (2024) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2024.100002 · Cited by 4
Spontaneous recovery in the majority of stable dysplastic hips treated with active surveillance
Theunissen, W. W. E. S., van der Steen, M. C., Klerkx, T., Schonck, C., Besselaar, A. T., van Douveren, F. Q. M. P., & Tolk, J. J. (2025) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.107b2.bjj-2024-0331.r1 · Cited by 4
Xu, D., & Lee, C. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251319957 · Cited by 4
Guo, Y., Chen, H., Zha, L., Bai, D., & Jin, L. (2025) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.06.032 · Cited by 4
Britton, G. B., Huang, L., Villarreal, A. E., Levey, A. I., Philippakis, A., Hu, C., Yang, C. C., Mushi, D. L., Oviedo, D. C., Rangel, G. A., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12495 · Cited by 4
Ren, W., Fan, K., Liu, Z., Wu, Y., An, H., & Liu, H. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70049 · Cited by 3
Current practices in hemodynamic monitoring and management during non-cardiac surgery in Austria
Gaik, C., Paal, P., Reuter, D. A., Wulf, H., & Vojnar, B. (2025) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-03374-7 · Cited by 3
Gong, Z., Haierla, S., Shi, J., & Liu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1679973 · Cited by 3
Zhu, X., Li, W., Lv, Z., & Pan, X. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-12031-w · Cited by 3
Neumayer, F., Jantzer, V., Killer, A., Lerch, S., & Kaess, M. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-01008-x · Cited by 3
Xiong, Z., Ding, Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2026.104412 · Cited by 5
Ye, Y., Liu, M., Meng, F., Wong, S. C., Gao, X., & Yang, Z. (2026) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2026.112423 · Cited by 4
Handling missing patient-reported outcomes in longitudinal clinical trials: a simulation study
Khan, H. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112254 · Cited by 3
Trustworthy AI for Predictive Analytics under Missing Data
Bouraima, M. O., Shahin, M. B. N., Nandy, D., Islam, M. J., Koneru, S. P., & Biswas, A. (2026) · International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/icict68280.2026.11510904 · Cited by 3
Bazsefidpay, N., Ulmner, M., & Lund, B. K. (2024) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2024.02.013 · Cited by 3
Holmqvist-Jämsén, S., Fellman, D., Wistbacka, G. Ö., Kuuskoski, J., Ruuskanen, M., Zenger, A., Rantanen, J., & Simberg, S. (2024) · Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology · doi:10.1080/14015439.2024.2330967 · Cited by 3
Missing Data and Their Effect on Algorithm Selection for the Bin Packing Problem
Ortíz-Bayliss, J. C., Gárate-Escamilla, A. K., & Terashima‐Marín, H. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62836-8_4 · Cited by 3
Power, C. J., Fox, J. L., Teramoto, M., Dalbo, V. J., & Scanlan, A. T. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0448 · Cited by 3
Tiwari, K., Deora, S., Choudhary, R., Kaushik, A., Dwivedi, P., Singh, S., Ambwani, S. R., Midha, N. K., Shukla, R. K. G., Sankanagoudar, S., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089562 · Cited by 3
Alderete, I. S., Medina, C. K., Pontula, A., Halpern, S. E., Soto, A. L., Patel, K., Klapper, J. A., & Hartwig, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.10.045 · Cited by 4
Validation of a French version of the empowerment scale for mental health service users
Desvignes, S., Boucékine, M., Loubière, S., Leclerc, L., Auquier, P., & Tinland, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06554-4 · Cited by 3
Host Biomarkers and Antibiotic Tissue Penetration in Sepsis: Insights from Moxifloxacin
Sanz-Codina, M., Nowak, H., & Zeitlinger, M. A. (2025) · European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s13318-025-00945-4 · Cited by 3
Wichmann, S., Lange, T., Perner, A., Gluud, C. N., Itenov, T. S., Berthelsen, R. E., Nebrich, L., Wiis, J., Brøchner, A. C., Nielsen, L. G., et al. (2023) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.14320 · Cited by 3
Ntsama, F., Noh, S. M., Tizzani, P., Ntsama, C. F. A., Ella, G. S. N., Awada, L., & Tidjou, G. S. D. (2024) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105278 · Cited by 3
Susetyo, B., & Fitrianto, A. (2024) · CAUCHY Jurnal Matematika Murni dan Aplikasi · doi:10.18860/ca.v9i1.24824 · Cited by 3
Tutorial: dos and don’ts in clinical prediction research for venous thromboembolism
Nemeth, B., Smeets, M. J. R., Cannegieter, S. C., & van Smeden, M. (2024) · Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102480 · Cited by 3
News Media Coverage of Snakebite Incidence in Nepal during 2010–2022
Pandey, D. P. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.23880/act-16000285 · Cited by 3
Fu, Y., Madsen, S. D., Shaheed, C. A., de Zoete, A., Chiarotto, A., & Koes, B. W. (2024) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2024.102713 · Cited by 2
Myran, D. T., Friesen, E. L., Talarico, R., Gaudreault, A., Taljaard, M., Hobin, E. P., Smith, B. T., Schwartz, N., Giesbrecht, N., Crépault, J., et al. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16566 · Cited by 2
Zhu, Y., Zhou, Z., & Miao, G. (2024) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2024.107081 · Cited by 2
Cheung, T. C. K., Cost, K. T., Esser, K., Anagnostou, E. A., Birken, C. S., Charach, A., Monga, S., Korczak, D. J., & Crosbie, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.070 · Cited by 2
Sun, H., Yijing, W., Wei, Y., Hu, W., Zhou, J., Nama, N., Ma, Y., Liu, G., & Hao, Y. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13020164 · Cited by 2
Evaluating Methods for Imputing Race and Ethnicity in Electronic Health Record Data
Conderino, S. E., Divers, J., Dodson, J. A., Thorpe, L. E., Weiner, M. G., & Adhikari, S. (2025) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14649 · Cited by 2
Qiu, S., Xu, M., Wu, Y., Liu, C., Li, X., Yang, X., Xia, H., Wang, R., Ma, Z., Meng, F., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103326 · Cited by 2
Federated causal inference from observational data
Vo, T. V., Lee, Y., & Leong, T.-Y. (2025) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-025-06819-9 · Cited by 2
Miguel, R. R., Santos, L., Salvador, M. D. C., Nobre-Lima, L., & Rijo, D. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107627 · Cited by 2
de Bruijn, A. G. M., & Brocken, J. E. A. (2025) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.70016 · Cited by 2
Velde, J. P. T., Zijlstra, H., Pierik, R., Shankar, G. M., van Royen, B. J., Kempen, D. H. R., Schwab, J. H., & Tobert, D. G. (2025) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-025-09294-x · Cited by 2
Health-Related Social Needs Among LGB+ Veterans
Lamba, S., Frank, D. A., McCoy, J. L., Purkayastha, S., Leder, S., Russell, L. E., Gordon, J. H., Procario, G. T., Moy, E. M., & Hausmann, L. R. M. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.39986 · Cited by 2
Gagnon, R., Guertin, J. R., Perreault, K., LaRue, S., Berthelot, S., Gatovo, K. E., Lafrance, S., & Hébert, L. J. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2025.13429 · Cited by 2
Joint Statistical Mask Learning and Distributed Estimation Without Support Priors
Shamsi, M., & Marvasti, F. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks · doi:10.1109/tsipn.2025.3599781 · Cited by 2
Rehman, N., Mbuagbaw, L., Mertz, D., Muraca, G. M., Jones, A., & on behalf of the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326989 · Cited by 2
Sota, R., & Venghaus, S. (2026) · Energy Sustainability and Society · doi:10.1186/s13705-026-00572-0 · Cited by 2
Guthrie, T. M., Eccles‐Smith, J., Lee, S., Kothari, A., Perez, W. F. P., Truby, H., & de Jersey, S. (2026) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-026-08576-7 · Cited by 2
Ibrahim, A., Hawar, A. B., Albadree, B. M. M., Jebur, M. S., Al-Samarae, M. S. K., & Ahmed, M. H. (2026) · Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports · doi:10.15561/26649837.2026.0403 · Cited by 2
Schwartz, C. E., Borowiec, K., Min, J., & Fishman, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13061703 · Cited by 2
Kia, H., Vali, M., & Sabahi, H. (2023) · National and International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME) · doi:10.1109/icbme61513.2023.10488667 · Cited by 3
Boyer, A., Éthier, I., Johnson, D. W., Tennankore, K., Lobbedez, T., Bechade, C., Couchoud, C., Semple, D. J., Elftouh, N., Ameh, O. I., et al. (2023) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfag271 · Cited by 2
Hamada, T., Ishikawa, H. A., Rosenzweig, M. Q., Nishimura, N., Sakakibara‐Konishi, J., & Itoh, T. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2024.100600 · Cited by 2
Graham, P. L., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Tait, R. J., Bista, S., Ivers, R., Liu, B. C., Lymer, S. J., Marino, J. L., Sanci, L. A., Shrestha, R. N., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20208-2 · Cited by 2
Feng, Q., Lv, Z., Ba, C., & Zhang, Y. Q. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74294-8 · Cited by 2
Martínez‐Shaw, M. L., Evensen, K. A. I., Melero, S., & Sánchez‐Sandoval, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1463804 · Cited by 2
Simpson, N., Vernon, R., Briley, A. L., Esterman, A., & Steen, M. (2025) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104436 · Cited by 2
Festa, Y. Y., & Penikas, H. I. (2025) · Model Assisted Statistics and Applications · doi:10.1177/15741699251350368 · Cited by 2
Maltarić, M., Kljusurić, J. G., Kolak, M., Smolić, Š., Kolarić, B., & Bender, D. V. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152525 · Cited by 2
Pantanetti, P., Ronconi, V., Mancin, S., Carolis, C. D., Alberti, S., Pazzi, O., Marco, S. D., Michetti, G., Coacci, S., Mignini, V. E., et al. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6080080 · Cited by 3
External validation of unsupervised COVID-19 clinical phenotypes and their prognostic impact
Giacobbe, D. R., Maria, E. D., Tagliafico, A. S., Bavastro, M., Trombetta, C. S., Marelli, C., Meco, G. D., Cattardico, G., Mora, S., Signori, A., et al. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2195204 · Cited by 2
Incidence of Intraoperative Vasoplegic Syndrome in Lung Transplantation
Lam, S., Mofidi, S., Saddic, L., Neelankavil, J. P., Wingert, T., Cheng, D., Grogan, T., & Methangkool, E. (2023) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.08.136 · Cited by 2
EvoImp: Multiple Imputation of Multi-label Classification data with a genetic algorithm
Jacob, A. F. L., do Carmo, F. A., de Santana, Á. L., Santana, E. É. C., & Lobato, F. M. F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297147 · Cited by 2
Grech, J. L., Norman, I. J., Azzopardi, C., Grixti, M., & Sammut, R. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083235 · Cited by 1
Hunt, L., Ingleman, J., Brennen, K., Armstrong, K., Hazell, M., Keith, N., Bickford, B., Sanchez, D., Khalil, S., Geering, S., et al. (2024) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.70069 · Cited by 2
Hofmann, A. B., Dörner, M., Machetanz, L., & Kirchebner, J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12171699 · Cited by 2
Buss, V. H., Shahab, L., Cox, S., Kock, L. S., Oldham, M., Bauld, L., Cheeseman, H., Reid, G., & Brown, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41303 · Cited by 3
Singh, V., Chaganti, S., Siebert, M., Rajesh, S., Puiu, A., Gopalan, R., Gramz, J., Comaniciu, D., & Kamen, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97331-6 · Cited by 1
Thompson, H. R., Ricks‐Oddie, J., Schneider, M. L., Day, S. E., Argenio, K. L., Konty, K., Radom‐Aizik, S., Guo, Y., & Cooper, D. M. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70021 · Cited by 1
Savieri, P., Stas, L., & Barbé, K. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325834 · Cited by 1
Mathkor, D. M., Sufyan, M., & Haque, S. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110953 · Cited by 1
Sanchez, P., Obeidalla, S. N., Kerchberger, V. E., Moore, A. R., Maddali, M. V., Kangelaris, K. N., Hendrickson, C. M., Evrard, B., Liu, K. D., Bastarache, J. A., et al. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05613-2 · Cited by 1
Liu, X., Chen, G., Hao, C., An, Y., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504251370452 · Cited by 1
Association of Postoperative Complication and Lymph Node Sampling Criteria in Lung Cancer Resection
Jacobs, R. C., Visa, M. A., Chang, A. B., Williams, J. E., Bell, R. D., Kim, S. S., Bharat, A., Bentrem, D. J., & Odell, D. D. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000001625 · Cited by 1
Qiu, H., Fu, Y., Lv, Z., Zhu, X., Gu, J., Gao, Z., & Liu, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326543 · Cited by 1
Antonakou, A., Theodoridou, E., Gkougkousidou, K., & Harizopoulou, V. C. (2025) · European Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.18332/ejm/211383 · Cited by 1
Qi, H., Li, J., Wang, J., Li, M., Chen, X., & Luo, Y. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108536 · Cited by 1
Xu, C., Feng, Y., Xu, J., Wang, W., Huang, H., Wang, J., & Lai, B. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03957-3 · Cited by 1
Medcalf, E., Turner, R. M., Espinoza, D., Zhu, L., & Bell, K. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.108186 · Cited by 1
Zeng, Y., Adams, N. M., & Bodenham, D. A. (2025) · Electronic Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1214/25-ejs2479 · Cited by 1
Proteome-wide association study identifies novel Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins
Sun, L., Wei, G., Ji, F., Ding, Y., Fan, J., Xu, Y., He, C., Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., Sun, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251409352 · Cited by 1
Matsuo, Y., Okada, A., & Yasunaga, H. (2026) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.70063 · Cited by 1
Helou, J., Glicksman, R., Bezjak, A., Raman, S., Chen, E., Chung, P., Dawson, L. A., Hope, A., Hosni, A., Javor, J., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.12.070 · Cited by 1
Applying Transfer Learning and Deep Learning Methods to Stroke Prediction
Reddy.A, B., Sandhya, S., Mokshitha.N.V, Reddy.S, P. S., & Tarangini.N, L. (2025) · International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA) · doi:10.1109/iceca66444.2025.11383522 · Cited by 1
Ullah, A., Khan, M. M., Abdullah, A., & Shahzad, A. (2026) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2026.125803 · Cited by 1
Asché, L., Pakos, J., Schrage, H., Schuder, J., Jung, L., Sanchez, D., Selaskowski, B., Wiebe, A., Philipsen, A., & Braun, N. (2026) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/85351 · Cited by 1
Rowan, E., & Martins, S. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.209940 · Cited by 1
Manyam, R., Gupta, P., Lou, P., Guo, R. M., Carro, A., & Heinz, E. R. (2026) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/ija.ija_810_25 · Cited by 1
Zhu, X.-Y., Li, W., Pan, X.-Y., Li, T., & Yuan, G.-L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45297-4 · Cited by 1
Buhl, E., Kraaer, M. T., Kjeldsen, J., & Ainsworth, M. A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2026.2645095 · Cited by 1
Zhan, Z., Zhang, J., Rong, H., Shen, F., & Chong, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2026.1785442 · Cited by 1
Drugeon, B., Marjanovic, N. S., Mihala, G., Seguin, S., Batiot, G., Rouschmeyer, V., Gerlier, C., Peyrony, O., Lefebvre, S., Guénézan, J., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101674 · Cited by 1
Costa, D., Horn, J., Massag, J., Purschke, O., Kluttig, A., Führer, A., & Mikolajczyk, R. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03092-6 · Cited by 1
Hassani, M., Karanikas, N., Perrin, D., Nayak, R., & Zerguine, H. (2026) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2026.107260 · Cited by 1
Tartour, A. I., Chivese, T., Khan, M. N., Ahmed, M. S., Fthenou, E., & Babu, G. R. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121907 · Cited by 1
Liu, P. T., Guo, Z., Sheng, Y., Tan, L., Li, B., Zhang, W., Hu, M., & Lyu, X. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106474 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Heymans, M. W., & Twisk, J. W. R.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Twisk, Jos W.R.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 151
- Pages
- 185-188
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4296631245
- Cited by
- 399
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 27
- FWCI
- 45.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- missing data, missing data mechanisms, complete case analysis, multiple imputation, missing at random, missing not at random, clinical research, imputation uncertainty
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review