The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Handling missing data in clinical research
Open accessAbstract
Because missing data are present in almost every study, it is important to handle missing data properly. First of all, the missing data mechanism should be considered. Missing data can be either completely at random (MCAR), at random (MAR), or not at random (MNAR). When missing data are MCAR, a complete case analysis can be valid. Also when missing data are MAR, in some situations a complete case analysis leads to valid results. However, in most situations, missing data imputation should be used. Regarding imputation methods, it is highly advised to use multiple imputations because multiple imputations lead to valid estimates including the uncertainty about the imputed values. When missing data are MNAR, also multiple imputations do not lead to valid results. A complication hereby is that it not possible to distinguish whether missing data are MAR or MNAR. Finally, it should be realized that preventing to have missing data is always better than the treatment of missing data.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When planning to handle anticipated missing data, protocol authors have a choice between various methods, including imputing data, fitting a mixed effects model to repeated measures data, or omitting participants.428 429”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [429]
In the citing paper
“The mechanism resulting in missing data affects the risk of bias and decisions on how best to handle the missing data.428 429”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [429]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
RUBIN, D. B. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581 · Cited by 9,925
Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792
Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2393 · Cited by 7,299
(2010) · Cited by 7,034
(2010) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 6,037
A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures.
Collins, L. M., Schafer, J. L., & Kam, C.-M. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.330 · Cited by 2,389
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys.
Lynn, P. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348774 · Cited by 2,330
The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials
Little, R. J., D'Agostino, R., Cohen, M. L., Dickersin, K., Emerson, S. S., Farrar, J. T., Frangakis, C., Hogan, J. W., Molenberghs, G., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1203730 · Cited by 1,884
Missing Data in Clinical Research: A Tutorial on Multiple Imputation
Austin, P. C., White, I. R., Lee, D. S., & van Buuren, S. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.010 · Cited by 1,006 · cited 1×
“CCA has a lot of drawbacks and should be avoided in general [8].”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 399
Clinical Outcomes of Campylobacter Bacteremia: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Zerbato, V., Guicciardi, S., Baldan, R., Fanelli, C., Fusaro, L., Botan, A., Benvenuto, N., Nicolò, G. M., Principe, L., Țoc, D. A., et al. (2026) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens15070686 · Cited by 1
Yang, X., Zhao, J., Zhuang, J., Guan, S., Wang, C., Huang, K., Liu, L., & Gao, Y. (2026) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.110543 · Cited by 1
Kim, Y. H., Her, A., Rha, S., Choi, C. U., Choi, B. G., Cho, J. R., Kim, M.-W., Park, J. Y., Shin, E., Kim, J. H., et al. (2026) · JACC Asia · doi:10.1016/j.jacasi.2026.06.010 · Cited by 1
Calderone, A., Raciti, L., Onesta, M. P., Piccione, M., Luca, R. D., Cerasa, A., Quartarone, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2026) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2026.102138 · Cited by 1
An introduction to the machine learning lifecycle for clinical microbiology
Lboukili, I., McFadden, B. R., Sethi, T., & Brüningk, S. C. (2026) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2026.08.014 · Cited by 2
Gao, Z., Han, S., Liu, J., Zhou, X., & Huo, M. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2026.106381 · Cited by 1
Giesa, N., Zhumagambetov, R., Sekutowitcz, M., Piper, S. K., Sikora, V., Balzer, F., Haufe, S., & Boie, S. D. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-77303-8 · Cited by 2
Myrseth, E., Gjessing, P. F., Nymo, L. S., Kørner, H., Kvaløy, J. T., & Norderval, S. (2023) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-023-04529-z · Cited by 1
Perichart‐Perera, O., Reyes-Muñoz, E., Borboa-Olivares, H. J., Rodríguez-Cano, A. M., Solis‐Paredes, J. M., Hernández‐Hernández, L., Rodríguez-Hernández, C., González-Ludlow, I., Suárez-Rico, B. V., Sánchez-Martínez, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1339428 · Cited by 3
Su, L., Zhao, S., & Meng, C. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.08.011 · Cited by 1
Comparison of Imputation Methods for Categorical Real-World Prostate Cancer Data with Natural Order
Schmitt, S., & Rothlauf, F. (2024) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/shti240780 · Cited by 1
Luo, A. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18327 · Cited by 1
An Enhanced Integrated Method for Healthcare Data Classification with Incompleteness
Goel, S., Tushir, M., Arora, J., Sharma, T., Gupta, D., Nauman, A., & Muhammad, G. (2024) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.054476 · Cited by 1
Cultura organizacional y motivación en industrias del noroeste de México
Gil, K. D., Jiménez, S. O., & González, A. A. (2024) · Revista Venezolana de Gerencia · doi:10.52080/rvgluz.29.e12.33 · Cited by 1
Booi, L., Gregory, S., Bridgeman, K., Willingham, K., Davies, M., Agyapong, N. A. F., Amfo‐Antiri, A., Pintado‐Caipa, M., Jenkins, N. D., Eyre, H. A., et al. (2024) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00362-z · Cited by 1
Das, S., Pal, S., & Ghosh, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Neonatology · doi:10.4103/jcn.jcn_64_24 · Cited by 1
Watanabe, S., Shin, J., Goto, E., Kunisawa, S., & Imanaka, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319179 · Cited by 1
Relation between serum magnesium and outcome in patients with Escherichia coli sepsis
Cao, Y., Hu, B.-S., Zhou, W., Liu, Z., Pei, Y., Jiang, Y., Hu, C., Liu, X., Han, X., Yan, X., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10979-3 · Cited by 1
Proactive recognition and early detection in communities through targeted HIV screening
Nejat, M., Marateb, H. R., Farahani, M. A., Rajabi, M. Z., Nasirian, M., Mañanas, M. Á., Tarrahi, M. J., & Mansourian, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11029-3 · Cited by 1
Cross-site imputation for recovering variables without individual pooled dataPreprint
Thiesmeier, R., Madley‐Dowd, P., Orsini, N., & Ahlqvist, V. H. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.24319364 · Cited by 1
Okorie, M., Jiang, X., Yaffe, K. S., Yokoyama, J. S., Andrews, S. J., & The Health and Aging Brain Study (HABS‐HD) Study Team (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.26343864 · Cited by 1
Li, H., Wang, C., Chai, L., & Qi, X. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015730 · Cited by 1
Comparing Data-Driven and Expert-Driven Techniques for Enhanced Imputation in Marine Sensor DataPreprint
Firdausanti, N. A., Fatyanosa, T. N., González, P. H., Prayoga, P. H. N., Aritsugi, M., & dos Santos, I. M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4616280
Predicting and Understanding Care Levels of Elderly People with Machine Learning
Heiba, N., Mohamad, Y., Velasco, C. A., Gappa, H., Berlage, T., & Geisler, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48041-6_4
Sondhi, A., Maguire, L., Leidi, A., & Weston, C. (2024) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x231219992
Methodological progress note: Choosing analytic methods for randomized trials
Takashima, M., Ezure, Y., Ullman, A. J., & Ware, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.13315
Efromovich, S., & Fuksman, L. (2024) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2024.107994
Deforth, M. E., Heinze, G., & Held, U. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4854861
Deng, J., Sarraf, L., Hotte‐Meunier, A., Asmar, S. E., Shah, J. L., Joober, R., MALLA, A. K., Iyer, S. N., Lepage, M., & Sauvé, G. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02732-z · Cited by 1
Real-Time Clinical Decision Support Systems for the Prevention of Deterioration in Acute Care
Blythe, R. D. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.251291
Yan, K., Gong, Y., & Yuan, G. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.08.020
Park, Y. S., & Park, J. H. (2024) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2024.45.3.251
Building Early Warning Scores With Statistical-Based Structured Methods on Patient Clinical Data
Pangestu, S. A., Badriyah, T., & Faradisa, R. (2024) · International Electronics Symposium (IES) · doi:10.1109/ies63037.2024.10665845
Clustering with empty clusters
Penikas, H. I., & Festa, Y. Y. (2024) · Известия Дальневосточного федерального университета. Экономика и управление · doi:10.24866/2311-2271/2024-2/1132
Optimizing Heart Disease Detection: An SVM-Based Methodology with Advanced Feature Selection
Kumar, V., Rao, G. S., Nagamani, S., Rajender, R., Grandhi, A., & Neelima, P. (2024) · International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligent Information Systems (ICUIS) · doi:10.1109/icuis64676.2024.10866049
Re-Examining Measurement Invariance of School Climate Surveys Across Race/Ethnicity
Leach, S. M., Immekus, J. C., Valentine, J. C., Batley, P. N., Dossett, D., Lewis, T., & Reece, T. J. (2025) · Assessment for Effective Intervention · doi:10.1177/15345084251317427
Garcia, M. A., Lindquist, A. M., Torres, J., Drozdova, A. D., & Cooper, T. V. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00563-0
Lauinger, A. R., Blake, S., Fullenkamp, A., Polites, G. M., & Arnold, P. M. (2025) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2024.2417118
Roux, M., Spear, R., Fouard, C., & Haigron, P. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.105931
Research on Anti-Fraud Prediction of Auto Insurance Based on Ensemble Learning
蔚, 全. (2025) · Advances in Applied Mathematics · doi:10.12677/aam.2025.144197
Changing patterns of transition to adulthood in Moldova before and after the 1990s transformation
Slav, M. (2025) · ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY: Theoretical and Scientifical Journal · doi:10.36004/nier.es.2024.2-07
Brosch, K., Christensen, E. F., Wiersch, L., Hagen, D., Orchard, E. R., D'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Stolzenberg, D. S., & Dhamala, E. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119687
The Dual-Focus Dynamic Multiple Imputation Approach For MNAR Missing Values In Medical Data
Zhai, Y., Li, Y., Li, H., & Luo, W. (2025) · IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) · doi:10.1109/cec65147.2025.11043054
Early Detection and Prevention of Dementia: An AI-Driven Multimodal Approach
Huang, A., Manias, G., Ferreira, R., Sangiovanni, M., Borovits, N., Tamburri, D. A., Ntanasi, E., Scarmeas, N., & van den Heuvel, W. (2025) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97313-0_16
Correlating Socioeconomic Factors and Syphilis Incidence: A Case Study in Brazil
Tavares, M. D. S., Mendes, E., Dias, D. R. C., de Albergaria, E. T., Villaça, R. D. S., Guimarães, M. D. P., & da Rocha, L. C. D. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96997-3_5
Masculinity and Help-Seeking in Men Collegiate Athletes: The Role of Self-Compassion
Harker, J. R. (2025) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2443107
Variability in trends of opioid-related hospital utilization among U.S. Adults, 2016–2021 check
Chen, L., Chen, Z., Ding, J., Chou, R., Ashton-James, C. E., Shi, B., Mathieson, S., Radojčić, M. R., Anderson, D., Zheng, R., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103355
Kanev, A. F., Александрович, К. Ф., & Леонидовна, К. Р. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.21045/2782-1676-2025-5-2-17-30
Duggal, A., Torbic, H., Bulgarelli, L., Lucena, W. D. R., Rey, D. A., Deliberato, R. O., & Neto, A. S. (2025) · CHEST Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.chstcc.2025.100197
Demssie, M. E., Tegegne, A. S., & Workie, D. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13031-1
Comparison of Imputation Strategies for Incomplete Electronic Health Data
Zhang, S., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Hong, S., & Liu, H. (2026) · Health Data Science · doi:10.34133/hds.0493
Caruso, R., Pelizzari, L., Cardilli, G., Bajardo, S., Bianconi, T., Giordano, M. L., Scivoletto, G., Giammò, A., Palma, L. D., Lucente, L. D., et al. (2025) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103557
Senff, J. R., Tack, R. W. P., Tan, B. Y., Kimball, T. N., Prapiadou, S., Choksi, D., Ranman, T., McVeigh, T., Shadyab, A. H., Brouwers, H. B., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251368345
Patel, J., Banik, K., Ibrahim, S. T., & Katapally, T. R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.25334182
Shen, Y., Parpia, S., Xia, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, J., Shi, Q., Hao, Q., Gu, X., He, W., Chen, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.70058
Collazo, A., Grigoryan, L., Jiang, C., Zoorob, R., Trautner, B. W., & Skelton, F. (2025) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002820
Čanković, S., Petrović, V., Mijatović-Jovanović, V., Tomašević, T., Milijašević, D., & Čanković, D. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2025.066430
Acidosis risk and methodological considerations in overnight-dwelled amino acid peritoneal dialysis
Saddique, M. N., & Khalil, M. (2025) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-025-04792-9
Hu, W., Yu, D., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1648353
Weng, S., Huang, Y., Wu, X., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s546857
Thies, J. L., Appleseth, H. S., Yamaguchi, N., Bose, P., Speen, A. M., Peraza, N., Cobos-Uribe, C., Perryman, A. A., Graham, A. A., Tackett, A. P., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.25338090
Husnain, M. I. U., Hajizadeh, M., Ahmad, H., & Khanam, R. (2025) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2025.10.005
Proxy-Enriched Imputation on Contextually Incomplete Web Tables
Nagel, D., MeiSSner, J., Kiehne, N., & Balke, W. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09527-5_12
Liu, C., Zhang, M.-L., Chavarro, J. E., Manson, J. E., Gaskins, A. J., Mustieles, V., Sun, Y., Huang, L., Xie, Z., Zhang, J.-F., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c07781
Yıldız, E. D., Atalay, N. E., İnal, B., Duru, Z., & Özengın, N. (2025) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-025-06411-8
Abdelwahab, O., & Torkamaneh, D. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08455-2_1
Darani, W. N. S. W. M., Ruzlin, A. N. M., Azhar, Z. I., & Chen, X. W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25215-w
Turnbull, K., Woods, G. R. T., Flanagan, J., Langon, X., & German, A. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1695345
Professional Grief Among Psycho‐Oncologists in Germany: A Cross‐Sectional Survey Study
Wandke, S., Lang, K., Härter, M. C., Oechsle, K., Bokemeyer, C., Rutenkröger, M., & Scholl, I. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70355
Assessment of transformer-based AI in clinical oncology
Seong, L. W., Lió, P., Taib, N. A. M., Ganggayah, M. D., & Dhillon, S. K. (2025) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03306-y · Cited by 1
Guerra, E. N., Hofmann, A. B., Kirchebner, J., Dörner, M., & Machetanz, L. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251397089
Interpretable generative and discriminative learning for multimodal and incomplete clinical data
Belenguer-Llorens, A., Sevilla-Salcedo, C., Mourão-Miranda, J., & Gómez-Verdejo, V. (2025) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2025.104070
Persson, C., Ericson, J., Eriksson, M., Salari, R., & Flacking, R. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106462
Li, J., Guo, S., Ma, R., He, J., Zhang, X., 芮东升, YuSong, D., Li, Y., Jian, L., Cheng, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25237335
Lv, Z., Feng, Q., Gu, J., Gao, Z., & Liu, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24267-2
Gianlorenço, A. C., Teixeira, P. E. P., Costa, V., Fabris-Moraes, W., Gonzalez‐Mego, P., Ramos-Estébanez, C., Stadio, A. D., Camsari, D. D., El-Hagrassy, M. M., Fregni, F., et al. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16010048
Persistent Low-Grade Inflammation and Post-COVID Condition: Evidence from the ORCHESTRA Cohort
Gentilotti, E., Alvarez-Garavito, C., Górska, A., Gusinow, R., Canziani, L. M., Nardo, P. D., Visentin, A., Caponcello, M. G., Chiara, M. D., Florence, A.-M., et al. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010083
Handling Item Nonresponse in Youth Surveys: Insights from the VACS.Preprint
Roba, A. A., & Annor, F. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8503134/v1
Barry, M. M., Almeida, H., Montjean, D., Benkhalifa, M., Miron, P., & Diallo, A. B. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356062
Hoellinger, B., Epailly, É., Vuotto, F., Letscher‐Bru, V., Loridant, S., Goéminne, C., Coelho, R., Laurent, G., Guendouz, S., Melica, G., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2026.01.020
Autoencoder-Based Multi-Teacher Distillation Network for Emotion Recognition with Incomplete Data
Zhang, Y., Xu, X., & Cheng, C. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356383
Dialysis Research at Crossroads of Immigration Policy
Murea, M., Gautam, S. C., & Cervantes, L. (2026) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-026-01865-4
The impact of diabetes mellitus in prodromal Parkinson’s disease
Li, G., & Li, G. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-08838-3
Paredes, G. R., Kometter, F., Callacondo, D., Rego, F. R., Chávez, G. H., Hurtado, W. L., Uribe-León, M., Tang, J., Valer, A. D. B., Gamio, J. L. A., et al. (2026) · HPB · doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2026.01.012
Xiong, W., Li, W., Xue, J., Zhang, L., Li, J., Ma, S., Zhang, Y., & Tian, J. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26516-z · Cited by 1
Deng, X., Wang, C., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s587926
Zhang, Y. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-026-01570-z
Patel, R. R., Courtney, A., Jiwa, N., Bakri, N. A. C., Paterson, S., & Leff, D. R. (2026) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1155/tbj/5901980
Miller, A. N., Morton, S. C. M., Pitts, R. L., & Everhart, R. S. (2026) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2026.2623002
Ribeiro, D. C., Lamb, S. E., & Abbott, J. H. (2026) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.80021
Ding, M., Cao, Z., Yin, W., Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Wang, Z., & Hong, J. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2026.100924
Zhu, X.-Y., Li, W., Yuan, G.-L., & Pan, X.-Y. (2026) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03389-1
Cheung, K. T., Lam, Y. T., & Li, J. (2026) · Journal of Cytology · doi:10.4103/joc.joc_14_25
Guo, X., Cheng, W., Hao, X., Zhang, L., & Lei, L. V. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s583656
Walter, N., Mohokum, M., Loew, T. H., Heiss, C., & Rupp, M. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09593-8
Khor, S., Yu, K., Fedorenko, C. R., Ramsey, S., Rivers, Z. T., Kreizenbeck, K. L., Khan, H. M., Li, L., Kestner, S., Kwendakwema, C. N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco-25-01360
Bleeding management in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the role of low-dose tranexamic acid
Sá, P. A., Pereira, F., Soares, D., Oliveira, A., Cruz, E., & Langenecker, S. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2026.844746
Data quality in disease mapping
Adebiyi, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29147-0.00007-x
di Visconte, M. S., Sarnari, S., Guttadauro, A., Chiarelli, M. E., & Favetta, U. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000002360
Wu, X., Gao, Y., Yang, C., Ma, H., Hu, P., Deng, J., Liu, Y., & Gan, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1719205
Metadata
- Authors
- Heymans, M. W., & Twisk, J. W. R.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Twisk, Jos W.R.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 151
- Pages
- 185-188
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4296631245
- Cited by
- 399
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 27
- FWCI
- 45.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- missing data, missing data mechanisms, complete case analysis, multiple imputation, missing at random, missing not at random, clinical research, imputation uncertainty
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
