Cited by 1,561RNA Interference and Gene DeliveryNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryCellular transport and secretion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Endosomal escape pathways for delivery of biologicals

Open access

Varkouhi, Amir K., Scholte, Marije, Storm, Gert, Haisma, Hidde J.·2011·Journal of Controlled Release

DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Despite continuous improvements in delivery systems, the development of methods for efficient and specific delivery of targeted therapeutic agents still remains an issue in biological treatments such as protein and gene therapy. The endocytic pathway is the major uptake mechanism of cells and any biological agents, such as DNA, siRNA and proteins. These agents become entrapped in endosomes and are degraded by specific enzymes in the lysosome. Thus, a limiting step in achieving an effective biological based therapy is to facilitate the endosomal escape and ensure cytosolic delivery of the therapeutics. Bacteria and viruses are pathogens which use different mechanisms to penetrate the membranes of their target cells and escape the endosomal pathway. Different mechanisms such as pore formation in the endosomal membrane, pH-buffering effect of protonable groups and fusion into the lipid bilayer of endosomes have been proposed to facilitate the endosomal escape. Several viral and bacterial proteins have been identified that are involved in this process. In addition, chemical agents and photochemical methods to rupture the endosomal membrane have been described. New synthetic biomimetic peptides and polymers with high efficacy in facilitating the endosomal escape, low pathogenicity and toxicity have been developed. Each strategy has different characteristics and challenges for designing the best agents and techniques to facilitate the endosomal escape are ongoing. In this review, several mechanisms and agents which are involved in endosomal escape are introduced.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004

Cites

148 of 148 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine.
Boussif, O., Lezoualc’h, F., Zanta, M. A., Djavaheri‐Mergny, M., Scherman, D., DEMENEIX, B. A., & Behr, J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 · Cited by 6,256
Peptide Antimicrobial Agents
Jenssen, H., Hamill, P., & Hancock, R. E. W. (2006) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00056-05 · Cited by 2,605
ACIDIFICATION OF THE ENDOCYTIC AND EXOCYTIC PATHWAYS
Mellman, I., Fuchs, R., & Helenius, A. (1986) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.003311 · Cited by 2,045
Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells
Lewin, M., Carlesso, N., Tung, C., Tang, X. S., Cory, D. G., Scadden, D. T., & Weissleder, R. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/74464 · Cited by 1,716
Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics
Kay, M., Glorioso, J., & Naldini, L. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/83324 · Cited by 1,444
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Wiley, D. C., & Skehel, J. J. (1987) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.002053 · Cited by 1,413
Cell Internalization of the Third Helix of the Antennapedia Homeodomain Is Receptor-independent
Derossi, D., Calvet, S., Trembleau, A., Brunissen, A., Chassaing, G., & Prochiantz, A. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.30.18188 · Cited by 1,073
The actions of melittin on membranes
Dempsey, C. E. (1990) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(90)90006-x · Cited by 852
Stepwise dismantling of adenovirus 2 during entry into cells
Greber, U. F., Willetts, M., Webster, P. C., & Helenius, A. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90382-z · Cited by 811
Nonviral Gene Delivery: Principle, Limitations, and Recent Progress
Al-Dosari, M. S., & Gao, X. (2009) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9143-y · Cited by 706
The influence of endosome-disruptive peptides on gene transfer using synthetic virus-like gene transfer systems.
Plank, C., Oberhauser, B., Mechtler, K., Koch, C., & Wagner, E. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99963-1 · Cited by 666
Influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2 N-terminal fusogenic peptides augment gene transfer by transferrin-polylysine-DNA complexes: toward a synthetic virus-like gene-transfer vehicle.
Wagner, E., Plank, C., Zatloukal, K., Cotten, M. L., & Birnstiel, M. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.7934 · Cited by 657
A triploblast origin for Myxozoa?
Anderson, C. L., Canning, E. U., & Okamura, B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32801 · Cited by 654
MHC class I-cestricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes to viral antigens destroy hepatocytes in mice infected with E1-deleted recombinant adenoviruses
Yang, Y., Ertl, H. C. J., & Wilson, J. M. (1994) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/1074-7613(94)90074-4 · Cited by 612
Virus Entry into Animal Cells
Marsh, M., & Helenius, A. (1989) · Advances in virus research · doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60583-7 · Cited by 602
Nonviral Vectors in the New Millennium: Delivery Barriers in Gene Transfer
Nishikawa, M., & Huang, L. (2001) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/104303401750195836 · Cited by 574
Efficient Gene Transfer by Histidylated Polylysine/pDNA Complexes
Midoux, P., & Monsigny, M. L. P. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc9801070 · Cited by 513
Insight into the mechanism of the peptide-based gene delivery system MPG: implications for delivery of siRNA into mammalian cells
Simeoni, F. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg385 · Cited by 481
Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins, a Family of Versatile Pore-Forming Toxins
Tweten, R. K. (2005) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.73.10.6199-6209.2005 · Cited by 464
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Cationic Peptide That Binds to Nucleic Acids and Permeabilizes Bilayers
Wyman, T. B., Nicol, F., Zelphati, O., Scaria, P. V., Plank, C., & Szoka, F. C. (1997) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi9618474 · Cited by 454
Photochemical internalization: a novel technology for delivery of macromolecules into cytosol.
Berg, K., Selbo, P. K., Prasmickaite, L., Tjelle, T. E., Sandvig, K., Moan, J. E., Gaudernack, G., Fodstad, Ø., Kjølsrud, S., Anholt, H., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 423
Adenovirus endocytosis
Meier, O. C., & Greber, U. F. (2004) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.553 · Cited by 421
Cell transfection in vitro and in vivo with nontoxic TAT peptide-liposome–DNA complexes
Torchilin, V. P., Levchenko, T. S., Rammohan, R., Volodina, N., Papahadjopoulos‐Sternberg, B., & D’Souza, G. G. M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0435906100 · Cited by 419
Ribosome-inactivating proteins
Stirpe, F. (2004) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.004 · Cited by 389
Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments
Grüenberg, J., & van der Goot, F. G. (2006) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1959 · Cited by 375
Poliovirus Cell Entry: Common Structural Themes in Viral Cell Entry Pathways
Hogle, J. M. (2002) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160757 · Cited by 352
Gene Therapy: Promises and Problems
Pfeifer, A., & Verma, I. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.177 · Cited by 345
Molecular Mechanism of Peptide-Induced Pores in Membranes
Huang, H. W., Chen, F.-Y., & Lee, M.-T. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.198304 · Cited by 335
Delivery of short interfering RNA using endosomolytic cell‐penetrating peptides
Lundberg, P., Andaloussi, S. E., Sütlü, T., Johansson, H. J., & Langel, Ü. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-6502com · Cited by 331
Novel Bioreducible Poly(amido amine)s for Highly Efficient Gene Delivery
Lin, C., Zhong, Z., Lok, M. C., Jiang, X., Hennink, W. E., Feijén, J., & Engbersen, J. F. J. (2006) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc060200l · Cited by 311
Biomembrane fusion: a new concept derived from model studies using two interacting planar lipid bilayers
Chernomordik, L., Melikyan, G. B., & Chizmadzhev, Y. A. (1987) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(87)90016-5 · Cited by 308
Mechanism of leakage of phospholipid vesicle contents induced by the peptide GALA
Parente, R. A., Nir, S., & Szoka, F. C. (1990) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00489a031 · Cited by 301
An endosomolytic Tat peptide produced by incorporation of histidine and cysteine residues as a nonviral vector for DNA transfection
Lo, S. L., & Wang, S. (2008) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.031 · Cited by 290
Protein Transduction Domain of HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Efficient Delivery of DNA into Mammalian Cells
Eguchi, A., Akuta, T., Okuyama, H., Senda, T., Yokoi, H., Inokuchi, H., Fujita, S., Hayakawa, T., Takeda, K., Hasegawa, M., et al. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m010625200 · Cited by 289
Intracellular trafficking of adeno-associated virus vectors: routing to the late endosomal compartment and proteasome degradation
Douar, A.-M., Poulard, K., Stockholm, D., & Danos, O. (2001) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.75.4.1824-1833.2001 · Cited by 282
The Listeria monocytogenes hemolysin has an acidic pH optimum to compartmentalize activity and prevent damage to infected host cells
Glomski, I. J., Gedde, M. M., Tsang, A. W., Swanson, J. A., & Portnoy, D. A. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200201081 · Cited by 281
Oligomers of the Arginine-rich Motif of the HIV-1 TAT Protein Are Capable of Transferring Plasmid DNA into Cells
Rudolph, C., Plank, C., Lausier, J., Schillinger, U., Müller, R. H., & Rosenecker, J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m211891200 · Cited by 275
Endosomal Escape of Polymeric Gene Delivery Complexes Is Not Always Enhanced by Polymers Buffering at Low pH
Funhoff, A. M., van Nostrum, C. F., Koning, G. A., Schuurmans-Nieuwenbroek, N. M. E., Crommelin, D. J. A., & Hennink, W. E. (2003) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm034041+ · Cited by 272
Transferrin-Modified Liposomes Equipped with a pH-Sensitive Fusogenic Peptide: An Artificial Viral-like Delivery System
Kakudo, T., Chaki, S., Futaki, S., Nakase, I., Akaji, K., Kawakami, T., Maruyama, K., Kamiya, H., & Harashima, H. (2004) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi035802w · Cited by 269
Breathing Life into Polycations: Functionalization with pH-Responsive Endosomolytic Peptides and Polyethylene Glycol Enables siRNA Delivery
Meyer, M., Philipp, A. B., Oskuee, R. K., Schmidt, C., & Wagner, E. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja710344v · Cited by 263
Membrane binding and conformational properties of peptides representing the NH2 terminus of influenza HA-2.
Lear, J. D., & DeGrado, W. F. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48270-1 · Cited by 258
A novel DNA-peptide complex for efficient gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells.
Gottschalk, S. M., Sparrow, J. T., Hauer, J., Mims, M. P., Leland, F. E., Woo, S. L. C., & Smith, L. C. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 252
A PEST-Like Sequence in Listeriolysin O Essential for Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenicity
Decatur, A. L., & Portnoy, D. A. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5493.992 · Cited by 239
Targeting adenovirus
Wickham, T. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301115 · Cited by 236
Fluorescent Virions: Dynamic Tracking of the Pathway of Adenoviral Gene Transfer Vectors in Living Cells
Leopold, P. L., Ferris, B., Grinberg, I., Worgall, S., Hackett, N. R., & Crystal, R. G. (1998) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.3-367 · Cited by 231
Histidine-rich amphipathic peptide antibiotics promote efficient delivery of DNA into mammalian cells
Kichler, A., Leborgne, C., März, J., Danos, O., & Bechinger, B. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0337677100 · Cited by 229
Melittin Enables Efficient Vesicular Escape and Enhanced Nuclear Access of Nonviral Gene Delivery Vectors
Ogris, M., Carlisle, R. C., Bettinger, T., & Seymour, L. W. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m108331200 · Cited by 226
Peptide-mediated RNA delivery: a novel approach for enhanced transfection of primary and post-mitotic cells
Bettinger, T. (2001) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/29.18.3882 · Cited by 224
Adenoviral Gene Therapy
Vorburger, S. A., & Hunt, K. K. (2002) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.7-1-46 · Cited by 220
Cytosolic Delivery of Granzyme B by Bacterial Toxins: Evidence that Endosomal Disruption, in Addition to Transmembrane Pore Formation, Is an Important Function of Perforin
Browne, K. A., Blink, E. J., Sutton, V. R., Froelich, C. J., Jans, D. A., & Trapani, J. A. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.8604 · Cited by 208
Degradable-Brushed pHEMA–pDMAEMA Synthesized via ATRP and Click Chemistry for Gene Delivery
Jiang, X., Lok, M. C., & Hennink, W. E. (2007) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0701186 · Cited by 194
A Membrane-Destabilizing Peptide in Capsid Protein L2 Is Required for Egress of Papillomavirus Genomes from Endosomes
Kämper, N., Day, P. M., Nowak, T., Selinka, H., Florin, L., Bolscher, J. G. M., Hilbig, L., Schiller, J. T., & Sapp, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.2.759-768.2006 · Cited by 194
Cell penetrating peptide conjugates of steric block oligonucleotides
Lebleu, B., Moulton, H. M., Abes, R., Ivanova, G. D., Abes, S., Stein, D. A., Iversen, P. L., Arzumanov, A. A., & Gait, M. J. (2007) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.002 · Cited by 183
A novel potent strategy for gene delivery using a single peptide vector as a carrier
Morris, M. C., Chaloin, L., Méry, J., Heitz, F., & Divita, G. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.17.3510 · Cited by 182
Single cell optical transfection
Stevenson, D. J., Gunn‐Moore, F. J., Campbell, P. A., & Dholakia, K. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0463 · Cited by 177
pH-dependent fusion of phosphatidylcholine small vesicles. Induction by a synthetic amphipathic peptide.
Parente, R. A., Nir, S., & Szoka, F. C. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68843-x · Cited by 175
Cell killing by lysosomotropic detergents.
Miller, D. K., Griffiths, E., Lenard, J., & Firestone, R. A. (1983) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.97.6.1841 · Cited by 174
Cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating lectins from plants
Hartley, M. R., & Lord, J. M. (2004) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.06.004 · Cited by 173
Functional Characterization of an Endosome-disruptive Peptide and Its Application in Cytosolic Delivery of Immunoliposome-entrapped Proteins
Mastrobattista, E., Koning, G. A., van Bloois, L., Filipe, A. C. S., Jiskoot, W., & Storm, G. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200429200 · Cited by 173
Self-citation
Potential Peptide Carriers: Amphipathic Proline‐Rich Peptides Derived from the N‐Terminal Domain of γ‐Zein
Fernández‐Carneado, J., Kogan, M. J., Castel, S., & Giralt, E. (2004) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200352540 · Cited by 170
A pH-Sensitive Polymer That Enhances Cationic Lipid-Mediated Gene Transfer
Cheung, C., Murthy, N., Stayton, P. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2001) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc0100408 · Cited by 164
Mechanisms of gene transfer mediated by lipoplexes associated with targeting ligands or pH-sensitive peptides
Simões, S., Slepushkin, V., Pires, P., Gaspar, R. S., de Lima, M. C. P., & Düzgüneş, N. (1999) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301015 · Cited by 161
Improving chitosan-mediated gene transfer by the introduction of intracellular buffering moieties into the chitosan backbone
Moreira, C., Oliveira, H., Pires, L. R., Simões, S., Barbosa, M. A., & Pêgo, A. P. (2009) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.04.021 · Cited by 160
Adenovirus endocytosis
Meier, O. C., & Greber, U. F. (2003) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.409 · Cited by 160
Arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides: from endosomal uptake to nuclear delivery
Melikov, K., & Chernomordik, L. (2005) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5293-y · Cited by 159
Efficient splicing correction by PNA conjugation to an R6-Penetratin delivery peptide
Abes, S., Turner, J. J., Ivanova, G. D., Owen, D., Williams, D., Arzumanov, A. A., Clair, P., Gait, M. J., & Lebleu, B. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm418 · Cited by 157
Fusogenic peptides enhance endosomal escape improving siRNA-induced silencing of oncogenes
Oliveira, S., VANROOY, I., Kranenburg, O., Storm, G., & Schiffelers, R. M. (2006) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.050 · Cited by 155
Self-citation
Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into mammalian cells by electroporation
Chakrabarti, R., Wylie, D. E., & Schuster, S. M. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84857-3 · Cited by 148
Impaired Intracellular Trafficking of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Vectors Limits Efficient Transduction of Murine Fibroblasts
Hansen, J. J., Qing, K., Kwon, H., Mah, C. S., & Srivastava, A. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.2.992-996.2000 · Cited by 147
Induction of splice correction by cell‐penetrating peptide nucleic acids
Andaloussi, S. E., Johansson, H. J., Lundberg, P., & Langel, Ü. (2006) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.950 · Cited by 141
Virus-mediated release of endosomal content in vitro: different behavior of adenovirus and rhinovirus serotype 2.
Prchla, E., Plank, C., Wagner, E., Blaas, D., & Fuchs, R. (1995) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.131.1.111 · Cited by 140
siRNA applications in nanomedicine
Tokatlian, T., & Segura, T. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.81 · Cited by 138
Decoding the Entry of Two Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptides in HeLa Cells: Lipid Raft-Mediated Endocytosis and Endosomal Escape
Foerg, C., Ziegler, U., Fernández‐Carneado, J., Giralt, E., Rennert, R. C., Beck‐Sickinger, A. G., & Merkle, H. P. (2004) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi048330+ · Cited by 133
Melittin analogs with high lytic activity at endosomal pH enhance transfection with purified targeted PEI polyplexes
Boeckle, S., Fahrmeir, J., Röedl, W., Ogris, M., & Wagner, E. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.02.002 · Cited by 132
Effect of chemical functionalities in poly(amido amine)s for non-viral gene transfection
Lin, C., & Engbersen, J. F. J. (2008) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.022 · Cited by 132
Oral tolerization to adenoviral antigens permits long-term gene expression using recombinant adenoviral vectors.
Ilan, Y., Prakash, R., Davidson, A., Jona, Droguett, G., Horwitz, M. S., Chowdhury, N. R., & Chowdhury, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119238 · Cited by 132
Pathways followed by protein toxins into cells
Sandvig, K., Spilsberg, B., Lauvrak, S. U., Torgersen, M. L., Iversen, T., & van Deurs, B. O. (2004) · International Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1078/1438-4221-00294 · Cited by 130
Sugar‐based tertiary amino gemini surfactants with a vesicle‐to‐micelle transition in the endosomal pH range mediate efficient transfection in vitro
Fielden, M. L., Perrin, C., Kremer, A., Bergsma, M., Stuart, M. C. A., Camilleri, P., & Engberts, J. B. F. N. (2001) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01995.x · Cited by 128
Target Cell-specific DNA Transfer Mediated by a Chimeric Multidomain Protein
Fominaya, J. M., & Wels, W. S. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.18.10560 · Cited by 126
Theoretical and functional analysis of the SIV fusion peptide.
Horth, M., Lambrecht, B., Khim, M. C. L., Bex, F., Thiriart, C., Ruysschaert, J., Burny, A., & Brasseur, R. (1991) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07823.x · Cited by 125
A new gene delivery formulation of polyethylenimine/DNA complexes coated with PEG conjugated fusogenic peptide
Lee, H., Jeong, J. H., & Park, T. G. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00426-6 · Cited by 125
Poly(3-guanidinopropyl methacrylate): A Novel Cationic Polymer for Gene Delivery
Funhoff, A. M., van Nostrum, C. F., Lok, M. C., Fretz, M. M., Crommelin, D. J. A., & Hennink, W. E. (2004) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc049864q · Cited by 118
An artificial virus-like nano carrier system: enhanced endosomal escape of nanoparticles via synergistic action of pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide derivatives
Sasaki, K., Kogure, K., Chaki, S., Nakamura, Y., Moriguchi, R., Hamada, H., Danev, R., Nagayama, K., Futaki, S., & Harashima, H. (2008) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2012-1 · Cited by 115
Novel Polymerizable Surfactants with pH-Sensitive Amphiphilicity and Cell Membrane Disruption for Efficient siRNA Delivery
Wang, X.-L., Ramusovic, S., Nguyen, T. D., & Lu, Z. (2007) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc700285q · Cited by 115
Delivery systems intended for in vivo gene therapy of cancer: targeting and replication competent viral vectors
Galanis, E., Vile, R. G., & Russell, S. J. (2001) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00103-2 · Cited by 111
Modeling the Endosomal Escape of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Transmembrane pH Gradient Driven Translocation across Phospholipid Bilayers
Magzoub, M. M., Pramanik, A., & Gräslund, A. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi051356w · Cited by 110
Defective lysosomal targeting of activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in achondroplasia
Cho, J. Y., Guo, C., Torello, M., Lunstrum, G. P., Iwata, T., Deng, C., & Horton, W. A. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2237184100 · Cited by 110
A proline-rich peptide improves cell transfection of solid lipid nanoparticle-based non-viral vectors
del Pozo‐Rodríguez, A., Pujals, S., Delgado, D., Solinís, M. Á., Rodríguez‐Gascón, A., Giralt, E., & Pedraz, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.09.004 · Cited by 106
N-terminal peptides from unprocessed prion proteins enter cells by macropinocytosis
Magzoub, M. M., Sandgren, S., Lundberg, P., Oglęcka, K., Lilja, J., Wittrup, A., Eriksson, L. E. G., Langel, Ü., Belting, M., & Gräslund, A. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.065 · Cited by 105
Photochemical internalization enhances silencing of epidermal growth factor receptor through improved endosomal escape of siRNA
Oliveira, S., Fretz, M. M., Høgset, A., Storm, G., & Schiffelers, R. M. (2007) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.01.013 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
Application of an HIV gp41-Derived Peptide for Enhanced Intracellular Trafficking of Synthetic Gene and siRNA Delivery Vehicles
Kwon, E. J., Bergen, J. M., & Pun, S. H. (2008) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc700448h · Cited by 101
Reversal of doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells by photochemical internalization
Lou, P., Lai, P., Shieh, M., MacRobert, A. J., Berg, K., & Bown, S. G. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22098 · Cited by 100
Cyclic amphipathic peptide-DNA complexes mediate high-efficiency transfection of adherent mammalian cells.
Legendre, J., & Szoka, F. C. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.3.893 · Cited by 98
Dynamic optimization of hybridoma growth in a fed-batch bioreactor
Dhir, S., Morrow, K. J., Rhinehart, R. R., & Wiesner, T. F. (2000) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(20000120)67:2 · Cited by 96
Cell membrane translocation of the N-terminal (1-28) part of the prion protein.
Lundberg, P., Magzoub, M., Lindberg, M., Hällbrink, M., Jarvet, J., Eriksson, L., Langel, Ü., & Gräslund, A. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02595-0 · Cited by 94
A molecular code dictates sequence‐specific DNA recognition by homeodomains.
Damante, G., Pellizzari, L., Esposito, G., Fogolari, F., Viglino, P., Fabbro, D., Tell, G., Formisano, S., & Lauro, R. D. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00879.x · Cited by 93
Saporin and ricin A chain follow different intracellular routes to enter the cytosol of intoxicated cells
Vago, R., Marsden, C. J., Lord, J. M., Ippoliti, R., Flavell, D. J., Flavell, S. U., Ceriotti, A., & Fabbrini, M. S. (2005) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04908.x · Cited by 91
Antiviral state against influenza virus neutralized by microinjection of antibodies to interferon‐induced Mx proteins.
Arnheiter, H., & Haller, O. (1988) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02946.x · Cited by 91
Evaluation of Different Photosensitizers for Use in Photochemical Gene Transfection¶
Prasmickaite, L., Høgset, A., & Berg, K. (2001) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730388eodpfu2.0.co2 · Cited by 87
Polymer Side-Chain Degradation as a Tool to Control the Destabilization of Polyplexes
Funhoff, A. M., van Nostrum, C. F., Janssen, A. P. C. A., Fens, M. H. A. M., Crommelin, D. J. A., & Hennink, W. E. (2004) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/b:pham.0000012165.68765.e6 · Cited by 86
Listeriolysin O-liposome-mediated cytosolic delivery of macromolecule antigen in vivo: enhancement of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequency, activity, and tumor protection
Mandal, M., & Lee, K. (2002) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00368-1 · Cited by 82
Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation in CHO Cells Resistant to Cholera Toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A, and Ricin
Teter, K., & Holmes, R. K. (2002) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.70.11.6172-6179.2002 · Cited by 82
Cellular siRNA Delivery Mediated by a Cell-Permeant RNA-Binding Protein and Photoinduced RNA Interference
Endoh, T., Sisido, M., & Ohtsuki, T. (2008) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc800020n · Cited by 81
Design of “Smart” polymers that can direct intracellular drug delivery
Hoffman, A. S., Stayton, P. S., Press, O. W., Murthy, N., Lackey, C. A., Cheung, C., Black, F. E., Campbell, J. S., Fausto, N., Kyriakides, T. R., et al. (2002) · Polymers for Advanced Technologies · doi:10.1002/pat.232 · Cited by 80
A Photo-Activated Targeting Chemotherapy Using Glutathione Sensitive Camptothecin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles
Cabral, H., Nakanishi, M., Kumagai, M., Jang, W., Nishiyama, N., & Kataoka, K. (2008) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9712-2 · Cited by 79
Enhanced cytosolic delivery of plasmid DNA by a sulfhydryl-activatable listeriolysin O/protamine conjugate utilizing cellular reducing potential
Saito, G., Amidon, G. L., & Lee, K.-D. (2003) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301859 · Cited by 77
Binding of Ricin A-Chain to Negatively Charged Phospholipid Vesicles Leads to Protein Structural Changes and Destabilizes the Lipid Bilayer
Day, P. J., Pinheiro, T. J. T., Roberts, L. M., & Lord, J. M. (2002) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi012012i · Cited by 76
Conditional gene targeting for cancer gene therapy
Haviv, Y. S., & Curiel, D. T. (2001) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00225-3 · Cited by 75
On the Gene Delivery Efficacies of pH-Sensitive Cationic Lipids via Endosomal Protonation
Singh, R. S., Gonçalves, C., Sandrin, P., Pichon, C., Midoux, P., & Chaudhuri, A. (2004) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.026 · Cited by 74
Unique features of a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide that improves the transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes
Futaki, S., Masui, Y., Nakase, I., Sugiura, Y., Nakamura, T., Kogure, K., & Harashima, H. (2005) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.796 · Cited by 72
Specific tumoricidal activity of a secreted proapoptotic protein consisting of HER2 antibody and constitutively active caspase-3.
Jia, L., Zhang, L.-H., Yu, C.-J., Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Gui, J.-H., Jin, M., Ji, Z., Wen, W.-H., Wang, C.-J., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 69
Specific Redistribution of Cell-Penetrating Peptides from Endosomes to the Cytoplasm and Nucleus upon Laser Illumination
Maiolo, J. R., Ottinger, E. A., & Ferrer, M. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja044867z · Cited by 67
A composite gene delivery system consisting of polyethylenimine and an amphipathic peptide KALA
Min, S., Lee, D. C., Lim, M. J., Park, H. S., Kim, D., Cho, C., Yoon, D. Y., & Yeom, Y. I. (2006) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.973 · Cited by 63
Association between the pH-dependent Conformational Change of West Nile Flavivirus E Protein and Virus-mediated Membrane Fusion
Kimura, T., & Ohyama, A. (1988) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-6-1247 · Cited by 62
Characterization of the gene transfer process mediated by histidine-rich peptides
Kichler, A., Leborgne, C., Danos, O., & Bechinger, B. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-006-0119-4 · Cited by 62
The conjugation of diphtheria toxin T domain to poly(ethylenimine) based vectors for enhanced endosomal escape during gene transfection
Kakimoto, S., Hamada, T., Komatsu, Y., Takagi, M., Tanabe, T., Azuma, H., Shinkai, S., & Nagasaki, T. (2008) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.042 · Cited by 60
Arginine‐rich cell penetrating peptides: Design, structure–activity, and applications to alter pre‐mRNA splicing by steric‐block oligonucleotides
Abes, R., Arzumanov, A. A., Moulton, H. M., Abes, S., Ivanova, G. D., Gait, M. J., Iversen, P. L., & Lebleu, B. (2008) · Journal of Peptide Science · doi:10.1002/psc.979 · Cited by 59
Poly(amidoamine)-mediated intracytoplasmic delivery of ricin A-chain and gelonin
Pattrick, N. G., Richardson, S. C. W., Casolaro, M., Ferruti, P., & Duncan, R. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00476-x · Cited by 58
Enhancing Polysaccharide-Mediated Delivery of Nucleic Acids Through Functionalization with Secondary and Tertiary Amines
Roy, K., Ghosn, B., & Kasturi, S. P. (2008) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802608783790947 · Cited by 58
Protein Transduction Domains and their Utility in Gene Therapy
Beerens, A.-S., Hadithy, A. A., Rots, M. G., & Haisma, H. J. (2003) · Current Gene Therapy · doi:10.2174/1566523034578258 · Cited by 57
Self-citation
Differentiation Restricted Endocytosis of Cell Penetrating Peptides in MDCK Cells Corresponds with Activities of Rho-GTPases
Foerg, C., Ziegler, U., Fernández‐Carneado, J., Giralt, E., & Merkle, H. P. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9212-1 · Cited by 55
How bacterial protein toxins enter cells: the role of partial unfolding in membrane translocation
London, E. (1992) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02195.x · Cited by 54
The recombinant anti-EGF receptor immunotoxin 425(scFv)-ETA' suppresses growth of a highly metastatic pancreatic carcinoma cell line
Bruell, D., Stöcker, M., Hühn, M., Redding, N., Kupper, M. B., Schumacher, P., Paetz, A., Bruns, C. J., Haisma, H. J., Fischer, R., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.23.4.1179 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Recombinant polymer‐protein fusion: a promising approach towards efficient and targeted gene delivery
Hatefi, A., Megeed, Z., & Ghandehari, H. (2006) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.872 · Cited by 52
A fusogenic segment of glycoprotein H from herpes simplex virus enhances transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes
Tu, Y., & Kim, J. (2008) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.1184 · Cited by 52
Nonviral gene delivery to human breast cancer cells by targeted Ad5 penton proteins
Medina‐Kauwe, L. K., Maguire, M., Kasahara, N., & Kedes, L. (2001) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301583 · Cited by 52
Translocation mediated by domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin A: transport of barnase into the cytosol
Prior, T. I., FitzGerald, D. J., & Pastan, I. H. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00129a001 · Cited by 47
Photochemical enhancement of transgene expression by polymeric micelles incorporating plasmid DNA and dendrimer-based photosensitizer
Nishiyama, N., Arnida, Jang, W., Date, K., Miyata, K., & Kataoka, K. (2006) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860600834508 · Cited by 46
Heparin-Induced Cancer Cell Death
Linhardt, R. J. (2004) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.04.001 · Cited by 43
Cytosolic Delivery of Liposomally Targeted Proteins Induced by Photochemical Internalization
Fretz, M. M., Høgset, A., Koning, G. A., Jiskoot, W., & Storm, G. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-007-9338-9 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
In vitro gene delivery by a novel human calcitonin (hCT)-derived carrier peptide
Krauss, U., Müller, M. J., Stahl, M., & Beck‐Sickinger, A. G. (2003) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.014 · Cited by 40
Specific gene transfer mediated by galactosylated poly-l-lysine into hepatoma cells
Han, J., & Yeom, Y. I. (2000) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00441-5 · Cited by 40
Poly(amido amine)s as Gene Delivery Vectors: Effects of Quaternary Nicotinamide Moieties in the Side Chains
Mateos‐Timoneda, M. A., Lok, M. C., Hennink, W. E., Feijén, J., & Engbersen, J. F. J. (2007) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.200700279 · Cited by 39
Listeriolysin O enhances cytoplasmic delivery by Her-2 targeting liposomes
Kullberg, M., Owens, J. L., & Mann, K. (2010) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611861003663549 · Cited by 37
Time-dependent effects of chloroquine on pH of hepatocyte lysosomes
Tietz, P. S., Yamazaki, K., & LaRusso, N. F. (1990) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(90)90414-g · Cited by 36
Calcitonin-derived peptide carriers: Mechanisms and application
Rennert, R. C., Neundorf, I., & Beck‐Sickinger, A. G. (2007) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.008 · Cited by 34
Membrane translocation of diphtheria toxin A-fragment: role of carboxy-terminal region
Ariansen, S. L., Afanasiev, B. N., Moskaug, J. Ø., Stenmark, H., Madshus, I. H., & Olsnes, S. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00052a012 · Cited by 33
Lipoplex and peptide-based strategies for the delivery of steric-block oligonucleotides
Resina, S., Abes, S., Turner, J. J., Prévôt, P., Travo, A., Clair, P., Gait, M. J., Thierry, A. R., & Lebleu, B. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.04.039 · Cited by 32
Adenovirus or HA‐2 fusogenic peptide‐assisted lipofection increases cytoplasmic levels of plasmid in nondividing endothelium with little enhancement of transgene expression
Subramanian, A., Ma, H., Dahl, K. N., Zhu, J., & Diamond, S. L. (2001) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.235 · Cited by 31
Enhanced plasmid DNA delivery using anionic LPDII by listeriolysin O incorporation
Lorenzi, G. L., & Lee, K. (2005) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.750 · Cited by 29
Hybrid Tetanus Toxin C Fragment-Diphtheria Toxin Translocation Domain Allows Specific Gene Transfer into PC12 Cells
Barati, S., Chegini, F., Hurtado, P. R., & Rush, R. A. (2002) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2002.7999 · Cited by 24
Membrane destabilization by ricin
Sun, J., Pohl, E. E., Krylova, O. O., Krause, E., Agapov, I. I., Tonevitsky, A., & Pohl, P. (2004) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s00249-004-0400-9 · Cited by 19
Photochemical Enhancement of DNA Delivery by EGF Receptor Targeted Polyplexes
Bonsted, A., Wagner, E., Prasmickaite, L., Høgset, A., & Berg, K. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-248-3_11 · Cited by 19
A DNA delivery system containing listeriolysin O results in enhanced hepatocyte-directed gene expression
Walton, C. M. (1999) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v5.i6.465 · Cited by 18
Evidence for the modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A-Induced Pore Formation by Membrane Surface Charge Density
Rasper, D., & Merrill, A. R. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00248a006 · Cited by 17
Aminated poly(L-histidine) as new pH-sensitive DNA carrier
Asayama, S. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Symposium Series · doi:10.1093/nass/48.1.229 · Cited by 13
Efficient splicing correction by PNA conjugation to an R6-Penetratin delivery peptide
Abes, S., Turner, J. J., Ivanova, G. D., Owen, D., Williams, D. K., Arzumanov, A. A., Clair, P., Gait, M. J., & Lebleu, B. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm1115 · Cited by 8
On the Gene Delivery Efficacies of pH-Sensitive Cationic Lipids via Endosomal Protonation
Singh, R. S., Gonçalves, C., Sandrin, P., Pichon, C., Midoux, P., & Chaudhuri, A. (2004) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.05.006 · Cited by 1

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 151 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation
Kamaly, N., Xiao, Z., Valencia, P. M., Radovic‐Moreno, A. F., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2012) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c2cs15344k · Cited by 1,774
Noncoding RNA therapeutics—Challenges and potential solutions
Winkle, M., El-Daly, S. M., Fabbri, M., & Calin, G. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00219-z · Cited by 1,551
Cell-Penetrating Peptides: From Basic Research to Clinics
Guidotti, G., Brambilla, L., & Rossi, D. (2017) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.003 · Cited by 1,192
DNA Nanotechnology-Enabled Drug Delivery Systems
Hu, Q., Li, H., Wang, L., Gu, H., & Fan, C. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00663 · Cited by 1,140
Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Universal Platform for Drug Delivery
Argyo, C., Weiß, V., Bräuchle, C., & Bein, T. (2013) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm402592t · Cited by 922

See all 1,561

Authors: Varkouhi, A. K., Scholte, M., Storm, G., & Haisma, H. J.
Affiliations: Utrecht University (NL)
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Haisma, Hidde J.
ORCID: Varkouhi, Amir K.
Storm, Gert
Haisma, Hidde J.
Venue: Journal of Controlled Release
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-05
Volume: 151
Issue: 3
Pages: 220-228
ISSN: 0168-3659 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004
OpenAlex: W2008028087
Cited by: 1,561
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 4.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Controlled Release (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Keywords: endosomal escape, endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, protein delivery, gene delivery, siRNA delivery, viral fusion, pH buffering, biomimetic peptides, polymers, biologic therapy
MeSH terms: Animals, Cytosol, DNA, Drug Carriers, Endocytosis, Humans, Intracellular Membranes, Membrane Fusion, Models, Biological, Proteins, Endosomes, RNA, Small Interfering

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Endosomal escape pathways for delivery of biologicals

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks