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Cited by 1,561RNA Interference and Gene DeliveryNanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryCellular transport and secretion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Endosomal escape pathways for delivery of biologicals

Open access
Varkouhi, Amir K., Scholte, Marije, Storm, Gert, Haisma, Hidde J.·2011·Journal of Controlled Release
DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004
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Abstract

Despite continuous improvements in delivery systems, the development of methods for efficient and specific delivery of targeted therapeutic agents still remains an issue in biological treatments such as protein and gene therapy. The endocytic pathway is the major uptake mechanism of cells and any biological agents, such as DNA, siRNA and proteins. These agents become entrapped in endosomes and are degraded by specific enzymes in the lysosome. Thus, a limiting step in achieving an effective biological based therapy is to facilitate the endosomal escape and ensure cytosolic delivery of the therapeutics. Bacteria and viruses are pathogens which use different mechanisms to penetrate the membranes of their target cells and escape the endosomal pathway. Different mechanisms such as pore formation in the endosomal membrane, pH-buffering effect of protonable groups and fusion into the lipid bilayer of endosomes have been proposed to facilitate the endosomal escape. Several viral and bacterial proteins have been identified that are involved in this process. In addition, chemical agents and photochemical methods to rupture the endosomal membrane have been described. New synthetic biomimetic peptides and polymers with high efficacy in facilitating the endosomal escape, low pathogenicity and toxicity have been developed. Each strategy has different characteristics and challenges for designing the best agents and techniques to facilitate the endosomal escape are ongoing. In this review, several mechanisms and agents which are involved in endosomal escape are introduced.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004

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Metadata

Authors
Varkouhi, A. K., Scholte, M., Storm, G., & Haisma, H. J.
Affiliations
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
Haisma, Hidde J.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Controlled Release
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-05
Volume
151
Issue
3
Pages
220-228
ISSN
0168-3659 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.004
OpenAlex
W2008028087
Cited by
1,561
References
151
Citations by year
2026: 82 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 90 · 2012: 51
FWCI
4.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Controlled Release (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
European Commission
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Keywords
endosomal escape, endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, protein delivery, gene delivery, siRNA delivery, viral fusion, pH buffering, biomimetic peptides, polymers, biologic therapy
MeSH terms
Animals, Cytosol, DNA, Drug Carriers, Endocytosis, Humans, Intracellular Membranes, Membrane Fusion, Models, Biological, Proteins, Endosomes, RNA, Small Interfering

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