The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Endogeneity in stochastic frontier models
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Endogeneity issues are inherent in SFA with distance functions (Amsler et al., 2016).”
From Airports’ public infrastructure and sources of inefficiency (2023) · cites this paper as Amsler et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“For example, Zaragoza (89.32%) and Vitoria (78.48%) are cargo-oriented airports, but Vitoria is significantly less efficient and smaller than Zaragoza [1].”
From Airports’ public infrastructure and sources of inefficiency (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models
Aigner, D., Lovell, C. A. K., & Schmidt, P. (1977) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(77)90052-5 · Cited by 10,135
Self-citationNelsen, R. B. (1999) · Lecture notes in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3076-0 · Cited by 7,777
On the estimation of technical inefficiency in the stochastic frontier production function model
Jondrow, J., Knox Lovell, C. A., Materov, I. S., & Schmidt, P. (1982) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(82)90004-5 · Cited by 3,447
Self-citationUsing Heteroscedasticity to Identify and Estimate Mismeasured and Endogenous Regressor Models
Lewbel, A. (2012) · Journal of Business & Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.2012.643126 · Cited by 2,712
Two-stage residual inclusion estimation: Addressing endogeneity in health econometric modeling
Terza, J. V., Basu, A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.009 · Cited by 1,728
Estimation and Inference in Two-Step Econometric Models
Murphy, K. M., & Topel, R. (1985) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1198/073500102753410417 · Cited by 1,647
Handling Endogenous Regressors by Joint Estimation Using Copulas
Park, S., & Gupta, S. (2012) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1120.0718 · Cited by 1,160
Fixed and Random Effects in Stochastic Frontier Models
Greene, W. H. (2005) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-004-8545-1 · Cited by 1,148
The Skew-normal Distribution and Related Multivariate Families*
Azzalini, A. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9469.2005.00426.x · Cited by 714
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Nelsen, 2006, vol. 139
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 251
Paul, M., Macfadyen, S., Paul, D. B., Bua, A., Kalyebi, A., Tairo, F. D., Kachigamba, D. L., Omongo, C. A., & Colvin, J. (2022) · Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics · doi:10.5897/jdae2022.1330 · Cited by 10
Mourão, P. R., & Enes, C. M. C. (2016) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1315-4 · Cited by 11
Takeshima, H. (2018) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12466 · Cited by 10
Common Methodological Choices in Nonparametric and Parametric Analyses of Firms’ Performance
Orea, L., & Zofio, J. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23727-1_12 · Cited by 10
Yuan, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Hu, W., & Gong, B. (2021) · The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review · doi:10.22434/ifamr2021.0055 · Cited by 10
Production Rigidity, Input Lumpiness, Efficiency, and the Technological Hurdle of Quebec Dairy Farms
Larue, B., Singbo, A. G., & Pouliot, S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie · doi:10.1111/cjag.12156 · Cited by 10
The contribution of innovation to farm-level productivity
Parikoglou, I., Emvalomatis, G., Läpple, D., Thorne, F. S., & Wallace, M. (2024) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-024-00728-0 · Cited by 9
Productivity dispersion and persistence in European agriculture
Wimmer, S., & Finger, R. (2025) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12529 · Cited by 9
Wang, T., Tian, J., & Yao, F. (2020) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01889-1 · Cited by 9
Inference in the nonparametric stochastic frontier model
Parmeter, C. F., Simar, L., Keilegom, I. V., & Zelenyuk, V. (2024) · Econometric Reviews · doi:10.1080/07474938.2024.2339193 · Cited by 9
Zhang, Q., Qian, Z., Wang, S., Yuan, L., & Gong, B. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105930 · Cited by 9
Haschka, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-024-00722-6 · Cited by 9
Tian, J., Wang, T., & Hall, J. C. (2021) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13116 · Cited by 9
Cost, Revenue, and Profit Function Estimates
Kutlu, L., Liu, S., & Sickles, R. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3450-3_12-1 · Cited by 9
Farm Advisory Services and total factor productivity growth in the Irish dairy sector
Parikoglou, I., Emvalomatis, G., Thorne, F., & Wallace, M. (2023) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbac024 · Cited by 8
Understanding the capacity of airport runway systems
Chen, K., Anupriya, Bansal, P., Anderson, R. J., Findlay, N. S., & Graham, D. J. (2025) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2025.104998 · Cited by 10
The generalized panel data stochastic frontier model: A review and nonparametric estimation
Parmeter, C. F., & Kumbhakar, S. C. (2025) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-025-00769-z · Cited by 8
Haschka, R. E. (2024) · Statistical Methods & Applications · doi:10.1007/s10260-024-00750-4 · Cited by 8
Germeshausen, R., Panke, T., & Wetzel, H. (2018) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-018-1610-9 · Cited by 8
Urdiales, M. P., & Baerenklau, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001169 · Cited by 8
Sustainable budgeting and financial balance: Which lever will you pull?
D’Inverno, G., Vidoli, F., & Witte, K. D. (2023) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2023.01.036 · Cited by 8
Boyd, G. A., & Lee, J. M. (2019) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/01956574.41.3.gboy · Cited by 8
Stochastic frontier models with network selectivity
Horrace, W. C., & Jung, H. (2018) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-018-0537-7 · Cited by 8
Vidoli, F., Quintiliani, F., Ivaldi, G., Marinuzzi, G., Porcelli, F., & Tortorella, W. (2023) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12673 · Cited by 7
A regression discontinuity stochastic frontier model with an application to educational attainment
Johnes, G., & Tsionas, E. G. (2019) · Stat · doi:10.1002/sta4.242 · Cited by 7
Total factor productivity change in hog production and Quebec's revenue insurance program
Singbo, A. G., Larue, B., & Tamini, L. D. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie · doi:10.1111/cjag.12220 · Cited by 7
Minviel, J., Sipiläinen, T., Latruffe, L., & Bravo‐Ureta, B. E. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2281289 · Cited by 7
Dependence modeling in stochastic frontier analysis
Mamonov, M. E., Parmeter, C. F., & Prokhorov, A. B. (2022) · Dependence Modeling · doi:10.1515/demo-2022-0107 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSouza, G. D. S. E., & Gomes, E. G. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16035-7_1 · Cited by 6
Cost, Revenue, and Profit Function Estimates
Kutlu, L., Liu, S., & Sickles, R. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3455-8_12 · Cited by 6
Regulation and Frontier Housing SupplyPreprint
Ben-Moshe, D., & Genesove, D. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4196051 · Cited by 3
Personality traits and technical efficiency of Chinese rice farmers
Qian, C., Zhu, X., Antonides, G., & Heerink, N. (2024) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbae019 · Cited by 6
Russo, S., Phali, L., & Prosperi, M. (2023) · Bio-based and Applied Economics · doi:10.36253/bae-13516 · Cited by 5
Adom, P. K. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107970 · Cited by 5
Ahmadzai, H. (2021) · Progress in Development Studies · doi:10.1177/14649934211031745 · Cited by 5
Incentivized Mergers and Cost Efficiency: Evidence from the Electricity Distribution Industry
Clark, R., & Samano, M. (2020) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/joie.12310 · Cited by 5
Fikadu, A. A., & Gebre, G. G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31166 · Cited by 5
Robustness of copula-correction models in causal analysis: Exploiting between-regressor correlation
Haschka, R. E. (2023) · IMA Journal of Management Mathematics · doi:10.1093/imaman/dpae018 · Cited by 5
On the estimation of zero-inefficiency stochastic frontier models with endogenous regressors
Tran, K. C., & Tsionas, E. G. (2016) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.08.014 · Cited by 5
Isaksson, A., Shang, C., & Sickles, R. C. (2020) · Econometric Reviews · doi:10.1080/07474938.2020.1788820 · Cited by 5
Centorrino, S., Urdiales, M. P., Bravo‐Ureta, B. E., & Wall, A. (2024) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.3020 · Cited by 5
Access Fees and Efficiency Frontiers with Selectivity and Latent Classes: Falkland Islands Fisheries
Mainardi, S. (2019) · Marine Resource Economics · doi:10.1086/702918 · Cited by 5
Measuring local employment multipliers and informal employment: a stochastic frontier approach
Bashford-Fernández, J. M., & Rodrı́guez-Álvarez, A. (2023) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2023.2189014 · Cited by 4
Technical efficiency, combination of innovation strategies and group membership
Guisado‐González, M., González-Blanco, J., & Rodríguez-Domínguez, M. D. M. (2024) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-05-2024-0167 · Cited by 4
Mitigating simultaneity bias in seaport efficiency measurement
Rødseth, K. L., Kuosmanen, T., & Holmen, R. B. (2024) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2024.104333 · Cited by 4
Endogeneity-corrected stochastic frontier with market imperfections
Maiti, D., & Neogi, C. (2024) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-024-02577-0 · Cited by 4
Han, Y., Snow, A., & Warren, R. S. (2021) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-021-00615-y · Cited by 4
On distinguishing the direct causal effect of an intervention from its efficiency-enhancing effects
Badunenko, O., D’Inverno, G., & Witte, K. D. (2023) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2023.03.030 · Cited by 4
Productivity and efficiency: Do we need a bridge?
Hou, Z., Kumbhakar, S. C., & Zhao, S. (2024) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109287 · Cited by 7
Takeshima, H., Djanibekov, N., kizi, A. N. M., Mirkasimov, B., & Akramov, K. T. (2024) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2024.2405203 · Cited by 4
Are European Farms Equally Efficient? What Do Regional FADN Data on Crop Farms Tell Us?
Makieła, K., Marzec, J., Pisulewski, A., & Mazur, B. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics · doi:10.1017/aae.2025.1 · Cited by 4
Dealing with endogeneity in stochastic frontier models: A comparative assessment of estimators
Hou, Z., Ramalho, J. J. S., & Roseta‐Palma, C. (2025) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108922 · Cited by 4
SFA robustness to violated distributional assumptions: theory, simulations and empirical evidence
Bělín, M., & Hanousek, J. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1904124 · Cited by 4
Kutlu, L., & Nair‐Reichert, U. (2022) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105931 · Cited by 4
sfcount: Command for count-data stochastic frontiers and underreported and overreported counts
Fé, E., & Hofler, R. A. (2020) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x20953566 · Cited by 4
Airports’ public infrastructure and sources of inefficiency
Ripoll-Zarraga, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science · doi:10.1108/jefas-12-2021-0269 · Cited by 3
Huang, T., Lin, Y.-C., Huang, K.-J., & Liao, Y.-W. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Financial Markets · doi:10.1007/s10690-022-09373-9 · Cited by 3
Productivity and Performance: A GMM approach
Tsionas, E. G., & Kumbhakar, S. C. (2022) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12530 · Cited by 3
Parmeter, C. F. (2023) · Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29583-6_13 · Cited by 3
Semiparametric estimation of a spatial autoregressive nonparametric stochastic frontier model
Tran, K. C., & Tsionas, E. G. (2023) · Journal of Spatial Econometrics · doi:10.1007/s43071-023-00036-z · Cited by 3
The integration of young workers into the labour market in France
Stephen Bazen, A., & Waziri, K. M. (2019) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-07-2018-0204 · Cited by 3
A machine learning approach to stochastic frontier modeling
Kutlu, L., Mao, X., & Ni, X. S. (2026) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-026-00800-x · Cited by 2
Foreign labor, peer‐networking and agricultural efficiency in the Italian dairy sector
Antonioli, F., Severini, S., & Vigani, M. (2024) · Agribusiness · doi:10.1002/agr.21970 · Cited by 2
Separating different individual effects in a panel data model
Amsler, C. E., & Schmidt, P. (2019) · Econometrics Journal · doi:10.1093/ectj/utz005 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMangisoni, J., Jayne, T. S., & Chigowo, M. (2020) · Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development · doi:10.7176/jesd/11-2-04 · Cited by 2
de Oliveira, K. L. P., de Andrade, B. B., Souza, G. D. S. E., & de Castro, B. S. (2022) · Pesquisa Operacional · doi:10.1590/0101-7438.2022.042.00243504 · Cited by 2
Amengual, D., Bei, X., & Sentana, E. (2022) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2927 · Cited by 2
Calvo, J. A. P., Arteche, J., & Ansuategi, A. (2022) · Studies in Agricultural Economics · doi:10.7896/j.2370 · Cited by 2
Melo-Becerra, L. A., & Ramírez-Giraldo, M. T. (2023) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-022-00412-1 · Cited by 2
Assessing the efficiency of residential water demand: The role of information
Balado‐Naves, R., García-Valiñas, M. Á., & Roibás, D. (2025) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13500 · Cited by 2
Deng, M.-Y., Kutlu, L., & Wang, M. (2024) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-024-00721-7 · Cited by 2
The cost of readmissions in hospitals: the case of the Spanish public hospitals
Rodrı́guez-Álvarez, A., & Alonso-Iglesias, E. (2024) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-024-00575-7 · Cited by 2
Gong, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4855-0_6 · Cited by 2
Gong, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4855-0_5 · Cited by 2
Ogawa, K. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100388 · Cited by 2
Kutlu, L., Prudencio, D., & Sickles, R. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3450-3_1-1 · Cited by 2
Stochastic Frontier Models with Dependent Errors based on Normal and Exponential Margins
Gómez–Déniz, E., & Pérez–Rodríguez, J. V. (2017) · Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa · doi:10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2684 · Cited by 2
Orea, L., Ayuso, I. Á., & Servén, L. (2024) · Advances in econometrics · doi:10.1108/s0731-905320240000046010 · Cited by 2
Improving Predictions of Technical Inefficiency
Amsler, C. E., James, R., Prokhorov, A. B., & Schmidt, P. (2024) · Advances in econometrics · doi:10.1108/s0731-905320240000046011 · Cited by 2
Self-citationGong, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4855-0_7 · Cited by 2
Tsukamoto, T. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3231804 · Cited by 2
How Institutions Shape the Economic Returns of Public Investment in European RegionsPreprint
Ayuso, I. Á., Barbero, J., Orea, L., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4791698 · Cited by 2
A class of generalized autoregressive score panel stochastic frontier models
Tran, K. C., & Michaelides, P. G. (2025) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-024-00748-w · Cited by 1
R&D Outsourcing, R&D Cooperation and Technical Efficiency
Guisado‐González, M., & Rodríguez-Domínguez, M. D. M. (2025) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571516.2025.2564072 · Cited by 1
Latent class models with persistence in regime changes: a distributed lag analysis
Orea, L., & Dakpo, K. H. (2025) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-025-00782-2 · Cited by 1
To specialize or not to specialize?—A technical efficiency analysis in three transition economies
Djuraeva, M., Bobojonov, I., & Kuhn, L. (2025) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbaf052 · Cited by 1
Crop farm efficiency and climate extremes in Germany
Hartig, M., Hüttel, S., & Seifert, S. (2025) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbaf047 · Cited by 1
How institutions shape the economic returns to investment in European regions?
Ayuso, I. Á., Barbero, J., Orea, L., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2025) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107445 · Cited by 1
A Generalized Inefficiency Model for Interpreting Tax Collection Efficiency
Ebrahim, R., & Jablonský, J. (2025) · Public Finance Review · doi:10.1177/10911421251401130 · Cited by 1
Bayesian inference in dynamic panel stochastic frontier models
Jonuzaj, M., Tsionas, E. G., & Izzeldin, M. (2026) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1093/jrsssa/qnag043 · Cited by 1
Aragaw, A., Salami, M. F., Addah, G. A.-O., & Ahmed, A. A. A. (2026) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-026-03389-1 · Cited by 1
Green growth efficiency in Europe: Fresh insights from stochastic frontier panel data models
Guliyev, H., Taghiyev, R., & Farmanli, R. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103002 · Cited by 1
Financing Efficiency Evaluation of Chinese New Energy Enterprises based on Three-stage DEA-Malquist
Xie, Z. Y. (2019) · International Symposium on Economic Development and Management Innovation (EDMI) · doi:10.2991/edmi-19.2019.82 · Cited by 1
Technical and Allocative Inefficiency in Production Systems: A Vine Copula Approach
Zhai, J., James, R., & Prokhorov, A. B. (2021) · Dependence Modeling · doi:10.1515/demo-2022-0108 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSemiparametric spatial autoregressive models with nonlinear endogeneity
Sun, Y. (2024) · Econometric Reviews · doi:10.1080/07474938.2024.2339149 · Cited by 1
Gómez–Déniz, E., & Pérez–Rodríguez, J. V. (2017) · RIO (Universidad Pablo de Olavide) · Cited by 1
The Measurement of Firms’ Efficiency Using Parametric Techniques
Orea, L. (2020) · International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43384-0_6 · Cited by 1
Has the affordable care act affected health care efficiency?
Kashian, R. D., Lovett, N., & Xue, Y. (2020) · Journal of Regulatory Economics · doi:10.1007/s11149-020-09417-w · Cited by 1
Interlink between factor and product markets: Opportunity for the future of Indian agriculture
Cariappa, A. G. A., & Chandel, B. (2020) · Agricultural Economics Research Review · doi:10.5958/0974-0279.2020.00018.x · Cited by 1
Copula-based Stochastic Cost Frontier with Correlated Technical and Allocative Inefficiency
Das, A. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Economics · doi:10.1007/s40953-021-00230-6 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Amsler, C., Prokhorov, A., & Schmidt, P.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Peter
- Venue
- Journal of Econometrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 190
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 280-288
- ISSN
- 0304-4076 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1492311908
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 17.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Econometrics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Efficiency Analysis Using DEA
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- stochastic frontier model, endogeneity, systems of equations, production frontier, two-stage least squares, control functions, limited information maximum likelihood, estimator consistency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review