Green ammonia production technologies: A review of practical progress
Abstract
• Conventional H–B process with process optimization and CCSU technology is a near-term option. • Sustainable N-fertilizer that relies on air and water could revolutionize the agriculture business. • Data from demonstration plants would accelerate scale-up and market trend analysis . • Cost of electrolysis-driven HB ammonia is competitive with traditional technology in some regions. • Simultaneously achieving DOE target ammonia yield and energy efficiency remains elusive.
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The conventional ammonia process is energy-intensive, typically consuming 28-36 GJ of energy per ton of ammonia, and contributes approximately 1.8% to global CO2 emissions, primarily originating from the steam methane reforming stage used for hydrogen production.
“This conventional process is energyintensive, typically consuming 28-36 GJ of energy per ton of ammonia, and contributes approximately 1.8% to global CO 2 emissions, primarily originating from the SMR stage used for hydrogen production [296-298].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
Ammonia requires dedicated infrastructure and handling protocols, and its use in engines necessitates new designs and emission control systems.
“Ammonia, while easier to store and transport than hydrogen, also requires dedicated infrastructure and handling protocols, and its use in engines necessitates new designs and emission control systems [298].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [298]
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Castro-Ferro, N., & Vaquerizo, L. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122561 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ojelade, O. A., Zaman, S. F., & Ni, B.-J.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ni, Bing-Jie
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 342
- Pages
- 118348
- ISSN
- 0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4380716337
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
- University of Technology Sydney
- U.S. Department of Energy
- King Abdulaziz University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
- Keywords
- green ammonia, ammonia synthesis, carbon capture and storage, nitrogen fertilization, electrolysis, energy efficiency, scale-up, demonstration plant
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Green Chemistry Technology
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