The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000–2013)
Open accessAbstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)4-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)3-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH4-N, 73.3% for NO3-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH4-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Artificial wetlands are an additional option for urban wastewater treatment [223,224] however, just with other open stagnant water bodies the risk of harboring disease vectors must be mitigated.”
From Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [224]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades
Shannon, M. A., Bohn, P. W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J. G., Mariñas, B. J., & Mayes, A. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06599 · Cited by 8,574
Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands
Vymazal, J. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014 · Cited by 2,875
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Five Decades of Experience
Vymazal, J. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es101403q · Cited by 1,315
Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
Stottmeister, U., Wießner, A., Kuschk, P., Kappelmeyer, U., Kästner, M., Baeder‐Bederski, O., Müller, R., & Moormann, H. (2003) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.010 · Cited by 1,160
Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for wastewater treatment
Vymazal, J. (2005) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.010 · Cited by 947
Kivaisi, A. K. (2001) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00113-0 · Cited by 861
Akratos, C. S., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2006) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.06.013 · Cited by 650
Microbial biomass, activity and community composition in constructed wetlands
Truu, M., Juhanson, J., & Truu, J. (2009) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.036 · Cited by 485
Wetlands for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and limitations
Verhoeven, J. T. A., & Meuleman, A. F. M. (1999) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/s0925-8574(98)00050-0 · Cited by 387
Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater using a constructed wetlands system
Lin, Y., Jing, S., Lee, D., & Wang, T. (2002) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00801-8 · Cited by 379
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Sundaravadivel, M., & Vigneswaran, S. (2001) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/20016491089253 · Cited by 353
Tanner, C. C., & Headley, T. R. (2011) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.12.012 · Cited by 345
Headley, T. R., & Tanner, C. C. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2011.574108 · Cited by 333
Ye, F., & Li, Y. (2009) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.03.009 · Cited by 281
Zurita, F., de Anda, J., & Belmont, M. A. (2009) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.026 · Cited by 275
Kyambadde, J., Kansiime, F., Gumaelius, L., & Dalhammar, G. (2003) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.008 · Cited by 247
Greenway, M. (2005) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.008 · Cited by 239
Comparison of horizontal and vertical constructed wetland systems for landfill leachate treatment
Yalçuk, A., & Uğurlu, A. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.029 · Cited by 237
Purifying eutrophic river waters with integrated floating island systems
Zhao, F., Xi, S., Yang, X., Yang, W., Li, J., Gu, B., & He, Z. L. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.012 · Cited by 209
Kaseva, M. E. (2003) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.041 · Cited by 199
Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh
Saeed, T., Afrin, R., Muyeed, A. A., & Sun, G. (2012) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.055 · Cited by 196
Ghosh, D., & Gopal, B. (2010) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.04.017 · Cited by 195
Trang, N. T. D., Konnerup, D., Schierup, H., Chiếm, N. H., Tuan, L. A., & Brix, H. (2010) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.11.022 · Cited by 182
Constructed treatment wetland: a study of eight plant species under saline conditions
Klomjek, P., & Nitisoravut, R. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.073 · Cited by 169
Wu, S., Austin, D., Liu, L., & Dong, R. (2011) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.02.002 · Cited by 167
Potential of constructed wetlands in treating the eutrophic water: Evidence from Taihu Lake of China
Li, L., Li, Y., Biswas, D. K., Nian, Y., & Jiang, G. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.001 · Cited by 164
Treatment of domestic wastewater in a pilot-scale natural treatment system in central Mexico
Belmont, M. A., de Rosas, E. C., Thompson, S., Williamson, M., Sánchez, A., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2004) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.11.003 · Cited by 162
Constructed wetlands in Flanders: a performance analysis
Rousseau, D. P. L., Vanrolleghem, P. A., & Pauw, N. D. (2004) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.08.001 · Cited by 157
Lee, C., Lee, C.-C., Lee, F.-Y., Tseng, S., & Liao, C. (2003) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.012 · Cited by 155
Treatment performance of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland plots for domestic wastewater
Chang, J., Wu, S., Dai, Y., Liang, W., & Wu, Z. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.03.019 · Cited by 153
Nitrogen removal from polluted river by enhanced floating bed grown canna
Sun, L., Liu, Y., & Jin, H. (2008) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.09.016 · Cited by 150
Self-citationApplication of a constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment: A pilot-scale study
Chen, T.-Y., Kao, C. M., Yeh, T. Y., Chien, H. Y., & Chao, A. C. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.069 · Cited by 145
Biodiversity of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
Hsu, C.-B., Hsieh, H., Yang, L., Wu, S.-H., Chang, J., Hsiao, S., Su, H.-C., Yeh, C.-H., Ho, Y.-S., & Lin, H. (2011) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.06.002 · Cited by 145
Constructed mangrove wetland as secondary treatment system for municipal wastewater
Wu, Y., Chung, A., Tam, N. F. Y., Pi, N., & Wong, M. H. (2008) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.07.010 · Cited by 134
Constructed wetlands in Europe
(1995) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/0273-1223(95)00631-1 · Cited by 128
Winery wastewater treatment in a hybrid constructed wetland
Serrano, L., de la Varga, D., Ruíz, I., & Soto, M. (2010) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.06.038 · Cited by 126
Singh, S. K., Haberl, R., Moog, O., Shrestha, R. R., Shrestha, P., & SHRESTHA, R. P. (2008) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.10.019 · Cited by 125
Implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries
Denny, P. E. (1997) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.1997.0157 · Cited by 124
Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in tropical constructed wetlands
Zhang, D. Q., Tan, S. K., Gersberg, R. M., Sadreddini, S., Zhu, J., & Tuấn, N. A. (2011) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.002 · Cited by 124
Self-citationConstructed wetlands in China: recent developments and future challenges
Liu, D., Ge, Y., Chang, J., Peng, C. H., Gu, B., Chan, Y. S. G., & Wu, X. (2008) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/070110 · Cited by 122
Braskerud, B. C., Tonderski, K. S., Wedding, B., Bakke, R., Blankenberg, A. ‐. B., Ulén, B. M., & Koskiaho, J. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2004.0466 · Cited by 121
Technical efficiency and cost analysis in wastewater treatment processes: A DEA approach
Hernández-Sancho, F., & Sala‐Garrido, R. (2009) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.01.029 · Cited by 120
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Vymazal, J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11238-2 · Cited by 115
A vertical subsurface-flow constructed wetland in Beijing
Chen, Z. M., Chen, B., Zhou, J., Li, Z., Zhou, Y. C., Xi, X. R., Lin, C., & Chen, G. Q. (2007) · Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.02.009 · Cited by 113
Dan, T. H., Quang, L. N., Chiếm, N. H., & Brix, H. (2010) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.07.030 · Cited by 112
Bojcevska, H., & Tonderski, K. S. (2006) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.07.015 · Cited by 110
Caselles-Osorio, A., & Garcı́a, J. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.031 · Cited by 109
Ávila, C., Salas, J. J., Martín, I., Aragón, C. A., & Garcı́a, J. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.009 · Cited by 109
Sediment deposition patterns in restored freshwater wetlands using sediment traps
Fennessy, M. S., Brueske, C. C., & Mitsch, W. J. (1994) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/0925-8574(94)00010-7 · Cited by 108
Reedbeds for greywater treatment—case study in Santa Elena-Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America
Dallas, S., Scheffe, B., & Ho, G. (2004) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.07.002 · Cited by 105
Performance and Cost Comparison of a FWS and a VSF Constructed Wetland System
Tsihrintzis, V. A., Akratos, C. S., Gikas, G. D., Karamouzis, D., & Angelakis, A. N. (2007) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593332808618820 · Cited by 101
Lim, P. E., Wong, T. F., & Lim, D. V. (2001) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00023-x · Cited by 100
Zhang, D. Q., Tan, S. K., Gersberg, R. M., Zhu, J., Sadreddini, S., & Li, Y. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.009 · Cited by 100
Self-citationTropical Application of Floating Treatment Wetlands
Weragoda, S. K., Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., Zhang, D. Q., Gersberg, R. M., Tan, S. K., Tanaka, N., & Jern, N. W. (2012) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-012-0333-5 · Cited by 98
Self-citationChang, N., Xuan, Z., Marimon, Z. A., Islam, K., & Wanielista, M. P. (2013) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.019 · Cited by 97
Nitrogen removal in a combined vertical and horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland system
Tunçsiper, B. (2009) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.03.003 · Cited by 96
Water and Nutrient Management in Natural and Constructed Wetlands
Holcová, V., Šíma, J., & Dušek, J. (. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9585-5 · Cited by 95
Konnerup, D., Trang, N. T. D., & Brix, H. (2011) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.026 · Cited by 95
Abdel‐Shafy, H. I., El‐Khateeb, M. A., Regelsberger, M., El-Sheikh, R., & Shehata, M. (2009) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2009.788 · Cited by 94
Ghermandi, A., Bixio, D., & Thoeye, C. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.038 · Cited by 94
Purification of nitrate-rich agricultural runoff by a hydroponic system
Yang, Z., Zheng, S., Chen, J., & Sun, M. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.040 · Cited by 89
Arias, M. E., & Brown, M. T. (2009) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.03.017 · Cited by 88
Martín, M., Oliver, N., Hernández‐Crespo, C., Gargallo, S., & Regidor, M. C. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.029 · Cited by 87
Implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries
(1997) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/s0273-1223(97)00049-8 · Cited by 83
Treatment of baseflow from an urban catchment by a floating wetland system
Chua, L. H. C., Tan, S. B. K., Sim, C. H., & Goyal, M. K. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.031 · Cited by 82
Self-citationTemporal and Spatial Development of Surface Soil Conditions at Two Created Riverine Marshes
Anderson, C., Mitsch, W. J., & Nairn, R. W. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0168 · Cited by 79
Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Nepal
Shrestha, R. R., Haberl, R., Laber, J., Manandhar, R., & Mader, J. (2001) · Water Science and Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2001.0855 · Cited by 78
Brix, H., Koottatep, T., Fryd, O., & Laugesen, C. (2010) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.06.035 · Cited by 71
Billore, S. K., Prashant, P., & Sharma, J. K. (2009) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2009.731 · Cited by 69
Mburu, N., Tebitendwa, S. M., Rousseau, D. P. L., van Bruggen, J. J. A., & Lens, P. N. L. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000636 · Cited by 68
Performance evaluation of constructed wetlands in a tropical region
Katsenovich, Y. P., Hummel-Batista, A., Ravinet, A., & Miller, J. F. (2009) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.07.003 · Cited by 67
Maine, M. A., Suñe, N., Hadad, H. R., & Sánchez, G. C. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.036 · Cited by 62
Floating mats: their occurrence and influence on shoreline distribution of emergent vegetation
Azza, N., Denny, P. E., van de Koppel, J., & Kansiime, F. (2006) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01565.x · Cited by 62
Domestic Wastewater Treatment using Vetiver Grass Cultivated with Floating Platform Technique
Boonsong, K., & Chansiri, M. (2008) · Cited by 56
Güneş, K., Tunçsiper, B., Ayaz, S. C., & Drizo, A. (2012) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.04.008 · Cited by 54
Modeling the Impact of Potential Wetlands on Phosphorus Retention in a Swedish Catchment
Tonderski, K. S., Arheimer, B., & Pers, C. B. (2005) · AMBIO · doi:10.1579/0044-7447-34.7.544 · Cited by 53
Kansiime, F., Oryem‐Origa, H., & Rukwago, S. (2005) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.010 · Cited by 48
He, L., Hong-liang, L., BeiDou, X., & Zhu, Y. (2006) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2006.845 · Cited by 47
Zhai, J., Xiao, H. W., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., He, Q., & Kerstens, S. M. (2011) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2011.790 · Cited by 46
Kantawanichkul, S., Somprasert, S., Aekasin, U., & Shutes, R. B. E. (2003) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2003.0319 · Cited by 40
Free water surface constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment: A tropical case study
Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., Tanaka, N., Mowjood, M. I. M., & Werellagama, D. R. I. B. (2006) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540600658849 · Cited by 38
Self-citationTanaka, N., Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., Werellagama, D. R. I. B., Mowjood, M. I. M., & Ng, W. J. (2006) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934520600867581 · Cited by 38
Self-citationPerformance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetland in southern China.
Shi, L., Wang, B., Xiang-dong, C., Wang, J., Zhi-hong, L., Wang, Z.-R., Liu, Z.-Y., & Lu, B.-N. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Retrofitting a stormwater management facility with a wetland component
Kerr‐Upal, M., Seasons, M., & Mulamoottil, G. G. (2000) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934520009377037 · Cited by 36
Mosquito larvae density and pollutant removal in tropical wetland treatment systems in Honduras
Diemont, S. A. W. (2005) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.07.001 · Cited by 34
Modeling biodegradation of toluene in rotating drum biofilter
Yang, C., Chen, H., Zeng, G., Qu, W., Zhong, Y., Zhu, X., & Suidan, M. T. (2006) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2006.860 · Cited by 32
Meutia, A. A. (2001) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2001.0872 · Cited by 30
Constructed wetland as tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater
Ahmed, S., Popov, V., & Trevedi, R. C. (2008) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management · doi:10.1680/warm.2008.161.2.77 · Cited by 30
Rivas, A., Quintal, I. D. B., & Möeller, G. (2011) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2011.731 · Cited by 29
Shan, B., Ao, L., Hu, C., & Song, J. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60628-6 · Cited by 19
Impact of flood damage on pollutant removal efficiencies of a subtropical urban constructed wetland
Ko, C., Chang, F.-C., Lee, T.-M., Chen, P., Chen, H., Hsieh, H.-L., & Guan, C. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.047 · Cited by 16
DESIGN OF TROPICAL CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Ng, W. J., & Gunaratne, G. L. (2011) · IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooks · doi:10.1142/9781848162983_0005 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 95 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Tanaka, 2013, Constructed tropical wetlands with integrated submergent–emergent plants for sustainable water quality management, J. Environ. Sci. Health A, 41, 2221, 10.1080/10934520600867581 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microplastics as carriers of toxic pollutants: Source, transport, and toxicological effects
Rafa, N., Ahmed, B., Zohora, F., Bakya, J., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S. F., Mofijur, M., Chowdhury, A. A., & AlMomani, F. A. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123190 · Cited by 398
Saxena, G., Purchase, D., Mulla, S. I., Saratale, G. D., & Bharagava, R. N. (2019) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/398_2019_24 · Cited by 347
Garfí, M., Flores, L., & Ferrer, I. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.116 · Cited by 339
Ekperusi, A. O., Sikoki, F. D., & Nwachukwu, E. O. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.025 · Cited by 284
Varma, M., Gupta, A. K., Ghosal, P. S., & Majumder, A. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142540 · Cited by 282
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, D.-Q., Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., Gersberg, R. M., Liu, Y., Tan, S. K., & Ng, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Peradeniya (LK)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 30
- Pages
- 30-46
- ISSN
- 1001-0742 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043284519
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Keywords
- constructed wetlands, wastewater treatment, tropical and subtropical climates, hybrid constructed wetlands, vertical subsurface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, floating treatment wetlands, free water surface wetlands, BOD removal, total suspended solids, nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal, developing countries
- MeSH terms
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Tropical Climate, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification, Wetlands
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review