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Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions
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“Distraction has been linked to reduced memory (Craik, Govoni, Naveh-Benjamin, & Anderson, 1996), increased stress (Mark, Gudith, & Klocke, 2008), and reduced self-control (Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999), pointing to the value of testing the effects of phone use on these outcomes.”
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- Kushlev, 2017, Put the Phone Down, Social Psychological and Personality Science. Advanced online publication.
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Cabrio, A., Hashmati, N., Rabia, P., Tumma, L., Wärnberg, H., Hendriks, S., & Obaid, M. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568294.3580061
“Research in the area shows that smartphone usage during real-world social interactions undermines people’s enjoyment of the interaction [6], and further, can exacerbate the problem of social disconnectedness.”
BackgroundFAMILY RITUALS AND PROBLEMATIC SMARTPHONE USE IN ADOLESCENTS
Maulida, I. S., Anindhita, V., & Abidin, F. A. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen · doi:10.24156/jikk.2023.16.1.13 · Cited by 1
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Family Functioning Influences on Smartphone Addiction among Muslim Adolescents in Southern ThailandPreprint
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Correlates of Smartphone Addiction Among Thai Muslim Adolescents: The Role of FamilyPreprint
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“The bottom line, according to Dwyer et al. (2018), is this increased distraction may undermine the emotional benefits people derive from social interactions.”
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“For example, people randomly assigned to share a meal with their phones on the table enjoyed their experience less than those whose phones were locked away (Dwyer et al., 2018).”
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“Conversely, other research indicates that social media may act as a catalyst for loneliness, as superficial interactions replace high-quality intimate face-to-face engagements (Dwyer et al., 2018; Lou et al., 2012).”
An Introduction to the Law, Policy, and Regulation for Human–Robot Interaction
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Smartphones in Relational Conflicts: Examining When and How They Interfere
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“…only, but results to date suggest that copresent device use may be associated with reduced conversation quality (Caplan & Courtright, 2023; Dwyer et al., 2018), a decline in conversational connection (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019), lower levels of relationship satisfaction (Wang et al., 2017),…”
THE IMPACT OF SMARTPHONE ON BREACHING THE ETHICS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION
Sharma, M., & Takhar, S. (2024) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i6.2024.2216
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Despair: Passivity in the Face of Predictive Power
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Dunn, D. S., & Baker, S. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82640-5_3
The Modern Dilemma Exploring the Boundaries of Smartphone Overuse and Dependency
Kayan, F. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1957-5.ch012 · Cited by 1
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The Complicated Reality of Social Media
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Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0014
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0024
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0019
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0032
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0044
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0041
Representations of user research
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0015
Computational representations and models
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0039
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0034
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Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0009
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Twenge, J. M. (2020) · doi:10.64628/aai.wsrgnc49r
To improve digital well-being, put your phone down and talk to people
Kushlev, K. (2018) · doi:10.64628/aai.e56sqxrkh
Self-citationCarvalho, C., Koss, K. J., & Ravindran, N. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425100618 · Cited by 2
“Smartphone use can reduce face-to-face communication, fragment attention, and isolate one from their immediate physical and social environment (Dwyer et al., 2018).”
Kök, H. (2025) · Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1755174
Johnson, D. J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8545110/v1
Subjectivity, context and contradictions in social phone use and phubbing: a thematic analysis
Pereira, E. S., & Phillips, E. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2619649
“Phubbing is generally considered a maladaptive behaviour (e.g. Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas 2018; Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn 2018) and is linked with ‘bad’ technology habits (Aagaard 2020), bad manners (A. E. Miller-Ott and Kelly 2017; Kadylak et al. 2018), addiction (Karadağ et al. 2015), and fear…”
RELAÇÃO ENTRE DEPENDÊNCIA DA INTERNET E HABILIDADES SOCIAIS EM ACADÊMICOS DO CURSO DE PSICOLOGIA
de Sousa, M. C., & de Castro, P. F. (2026) · Revista Contemporânea · doi:10.56083/rcv6n2-003
YAVUZ, S. Ç., Ertuğrul, B., & Tekinyıldız, E. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261423117
Zeya, F., & Sultana, N. (2026) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-06-2025-0037
Dubosson, M., & Fragnière, E. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83549-534-620251001
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“However, existing literature suggests that smartphone and social media use may intensify boredom rather than alleviate it (Barkley and Lepp, 2021; Dwyer et al., 2018).”
Policies to Put Smartphones Away May Have Limited Impact on College Students' Classroom Experience
Yust, P. K. S., Moshontz, H., Wong, M., Dotson, K., Kushlev, K., & Hard, B. M. (2026) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.70044
“This study extends research on the naturalistic effects of smartphone presence from social settings, like group meals (Dwyer et al., 2018), to educational environments.”
InfluentialSelf-citationThree Essays on Consumer Social Cognition in a Technology-Rich World
Linares, C. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4898d96az4b9bz443fz8877z1201e0ad2d7c
Swiping away dullness: disliking boredom predicts more smartphone use
Tam, K. Y. Y., van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Chan, C. S. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10230-9
“Experiments have shown that smartphone use can causally intensify boredom (Barkley & Lepp, 2021; Dwyer et al., 2018).”
Lee, A. Y., Stević, A., Walker-Keleher, G., Chen, C. Q.-A., Charity, E., Dahlke, R., & Hancock, J. T. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791723
“Past work on digital disconnection, such as the displace-interfere-complement framework, suggests that switching to a minimal phone should affect how people feel [14, 35].”
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Difficult Conversations
Maheshka, C., Folk, D. P., & Dunn, E. (2026) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506261444068 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAn Opportunity Cost Framework of Digital Well‐Being
Kushlev, K. (2026) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70144 · Cited by 1
Self-citationImpact of Technology on Offline Communication
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Nomophobia as a threat to information-psychological security of student personality
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Bok, S., Shum, J., & Lee, M. (2025) · New Review of Information Networking · doi:10.1080/13614576.2025.2575260
Gavcar, E. G., Avunduk, S., Avunduk, S. A., & Büber, A. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08212-9
“Individuals prone to phubbing tend to prioritize their smartphones over face-to-face interactions, which has been shown to undermine the quality of in-person social engagement [17].”
Longtermism, Technology, and Well-Being
Guerrero, A. (2026) · Utilitas · doi:10.1017/s0953820826100351
Technology Adaptability and Job Ad Preference for Working with Automated Systems
Bok, S., Shum, J., & Lee, M. (2026) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci16060285
“Technological advancements (e.g., social media and smartphones) have increased social interconnectedness, but excessive use was found to relate to lower quality of relationships (Dwyer et al., 2018; Melumad & Pham, 2020).”
Social media use, genotype and adolescent mental health: A social push pattern among girlsPreprint
Ghirardi, G., & Ferrara, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9693680/v1
Park, H. J. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2697353
Children, Cell Phones, and Reading Comprehension
Greenfield, P. M., Hanna, M., Burgos-Calvillo, R., & Rhinehart, L. V. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081263
“Dwyer et al. (2018) found that, for college students and adult community members, smartphone use undermined enjoyment of face-to-face social interaction.”
Li, Q. (2026) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-10-2025-1043
Wu, F., Xiao, H., & Lin, X. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261477182
Adolescents’ smartphone use in family interactions: acceptability, behavior, and consequences
Merkaš, M., Selak, M. B., & Žulec, A. (2026) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.677421
“What is more, smartphone use during face-to-face interactions may contribute to people feeling less connected and empathetic, and they rate such interactions as less pleasant (Dwyer et al., 2018; Misra et al., 2016).”
Meshi, D., Li, B., & Lewin, K. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_256-1
Candar, S., & Geçikli, F. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16091536
“Even the passive co-presence of a phone during a conversation, without active use, has been shown to lower the reported quality of that conversation (Dwyer et al., 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Dwyer, R. J., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dwyer, Ryan J.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 78
- Pages
- 233-239
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2748746790
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 75.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Open Collections
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (H08-02739)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Communication › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Keywords
- smartphone use, face-to-face social interaction, social enjoyment, distraction, face-to-face communication, social connectedness
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