Nutritional and metabolomics characterization of the coconut water at different nut developmental stages
Abstract
Coconut water possesses remarkable nutritional value due to the presence of health-protective chemical constituents in it. Despite its commercial uses, there is lack of information on changes in the nutritional profile of coconut water along with nut developmental stages. In the current study, we investigated the major physicochemical, nutritional, and metabolic changes occurring in two coconut varieties 'Chowghat Orange Dwarf ' (COD) and 'Malayan Yellow Dwarf' (MYD) during nut development by following four different maturity stages. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomics approach was used to identify the metabolites responsible for discriminating the nutrients present in coconut water according to different nut maturity stages. Significant changes in the physicochemical properties, nutritional (free amino acid, protein, sugar, and ascorbic acid), and metabolite profile were observed within each variety during the process of nut maturation. Additionally, we observed development-associated changes in the mineral composition of coconut water. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analyses identified 17 amino acids from coconut water of both ‘COD’ and ‘MYD’ varieties. Using partial least squares discriminant analysis, we identified 8 metabolites that could be used as biomarkers to distinguish between the nut maturity stages. In conclusion, the highly informative current data sets can be used in developing nutritionally balanced customized formulations from coconut water.
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Coconut water composition and sugar levels vary with variety, cultivation conditions, soil type, climate, and fruit maturation.
“CW composition and sugar levels vary with factors like variety, cultivation conditions, soil type, climate, and fruit maturation [23].”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Primary minerals present in CW include K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe, with K being the most prevalent.
“The primary minerals present in CW include K, sodium (Na), Ca, Mg, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), with K being the most prevalent among them [10].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Sugar and TSS levels in CW fluctuate during maturation, initially increasing and then decreasing.
“The levels of sugar and TSS fluctuate during maturation, initially increasing and then decreasing [10].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
A comprehensive GC-MS analysis has revealed the presence of 19 water metabolites, encompassing phenols, within CW.
“A comprehensive GC-MS analysis has revealed the presence of 19 water metabolites, encompassing phenols, within CW [10].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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“…further research, promote broader utilization, and enhance the commercialization of coconut-based products, especially in the context of increasing consumer interest in natural, affordable, and health-promoting foods. ranged from 59.5 to 527 µg/100 ml and in MYD from 135 to 694 µg/100 ml [23].”
InfluentialJiang, S., Hun, T. G., Chong, K. H., & Nor-Khaizura, M. A. R. (2025) · International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.14419/s2v9er57
- Authors
- Kumar, M., Saini, S. S., Agrawal, P. K., Roy, P., & Sircar, D.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IN)
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sircar, Debabrata
- Venue
- Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 103738
- ISSN
- 0889-1575 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3109497477
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Food Composition and Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coconut Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
- Keywords
- coconut water, nutritional profile, metabolomics, free amino acids, vitamin C, mineral composition, coconut varieties, biomarkers
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