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Cited by 300Coconut Research and ApplicationsFood and Agricultural SciencesFood Science and Nutritional Studies

Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review

Open access
Prades, Alexia, Dornier, Manuel, Diop, Nafissatou, Pain, Jean-Pierre·2012·Fruits
DOI 10.1051/fruits/2012002
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Abstract

The product. Coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) is an ancien t tropical beverage whose popularity on the international market has been continuously increasing in recent years. Uses. Besides its various traditional uses, this refreshing liqu id extracted from the coconut fruit has recently been described as a "sport beverage" and has drawn the attention of manufacturers as a natural functional drink. Composition. Coconut water has a low matter content (2% to 5% wet basis), mainly comprising sugars and minerals. Quality criteria, such as the water per nut ratio, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), total sugar per nut, and [reducing sugars / total sugars] ratio, are good indicators for estimating the suitability of coconut cultivars for the production of coconut water. Regarding these criteria, dwarf varieties are the most suitable cultivars to obtain a tasty product. Properties. The quality of coconut water can not only be attributed to sugars and minerals because it also has a typical flavour and some original properties. Although many authors have cited medicinal uses or growth-promoting activities, only a few publications have clearly identified the components responsible for these properties. Discussion. Results of former and recent investigations are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to increase our knowledge of this original tropical juice.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1051/fruits/2012002

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 113 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Interpretationcitation

    The characteristics of coconut water make it an ideal rehydrating and refreshing drink after physical exercise.

    “The characteristics of coconut water make it an ideal rehydrating and refreshing drink after physical exercise [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. source
  • Premisecitation

    Alcohols, ketones, thiols, carboxylic acids, phenols and esters with short carbon chains were also detected in the essential oil of the coconut water, extracted by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction.

    “Alcohols, ketones, thiols, carboxylic acids, phenols and esters with short carbon chains were also detected in the essential oil of the coconut water, extracted by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] da Fonseca, 2009, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. source

      The Results and Discussion report alcohols, ketones and esters, as well as thiols and carboxylic acids in the hydrodistilled oil of the yellow variety. They do not report phenols; Table 1 also identifies a ten-carbon thiol and a sixteen-carbon acid, so the claim that all listed classes have short carbon chains is not supported. The paper analyzes both hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, but reports different compositions for the two methods. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Substantial antioxidant activity was observed using the DPPH assay for extracts of two green and yellow coconut varieties obtained by hydrodistillation and petroleum ether extraction.

    “Substantial antioxidant activity was also observed using the DPPH assay for extracts of two green and yellow coconut varieties obtained by hydrodistillation and petroleum ether extraction [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] da Fonseca, 2009, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. source

      The Results and Discussion section reports high DPPH radical-scavenging activity for hydrodistilled extracts from both green and yellow coconut water. It describes the petroleum ether extracts as having only moderate activity, so calling the activity of extracts from both methods substantial overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Coconut water was easier to drink in large quantities than the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water.

    “It was also easier to drink in large quantities than the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. source
  • Findingown data

    The mean total sugar contents of tall, dwarf and hybrid coconut water aged from 5 to 12 months exhibited different trends.

    “Finally, the mean total sugar contents of tall, dwarf and hybrid coconut water aged from (5 to 12) months exhibited different trends (figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness and no stomach upset compared with carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water.

    “Coconut water was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness and no stomach upset.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. source

      The Abstract says coconut water was significantly sweeter and caused less nausea, fullness, and stomach upset than the other drinks. But the Fluid sensory scale results qualify that summary: coconut water was not significantly sweeter than the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, and differences in nausea, fullness, and stomach upset were significant only at specified times or against specified comparators. The claim overstates how consistently those comparisons held. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    All coconut waters from hybrid varieties exhibited different total sugar contents and a wide range of metabolism.

    “All coconut waters from hybrid varieties exhibited different total sugar contents and a wide range of metabolism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In dwarf varieties, coconut water had the highest total sugar contents and, in tall varieties, the lowest.

    “In dwarf varieties, coconut water had the highest total sugar contents and, in tall varieties, the lowest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The [PPO / POD] ratio appears to vary considerably, ranging from 0.2 to 16.7.

    “The [PPO / POD] ratio appears to vary considerably, ranging from 0.2 to 16.7.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    On average, the reducing sugar contents of coconut water in dwarf varieties was the highest throughout the ripening process, except for the last 3 months when hybrid varieties were higher.

    “On average, the reducing sugar contents of coconut water in dwarf varieties was the highest throughout the ripening process, except for the last 3 months when hybrid varieties were higher.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Among the 42 varieties analysed, eighteen were tall, seventeen were dwarf and seven varieties were hybrids.

    “Among the 42 varieties analysed, eighteen were tall, seventeen were dwarf and seven varieties were hybrids.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The [RS / TS] ratio ranged from 52% to 99% and varied among varieties.

    “The [RS / TS] ratio ranged from 52% to 99% and varied among varieties (figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most coconut water from tall varieties had [RS / TS] ratios below 75%, whereas dwarf varieties generally had ratios higher than 75%.

    “Most coconut water from tall varieties had [RS / TS] ratios below 75%, whereas dwarf varieties generally had ratios higher than 75%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Asia, especially India, tender coconuts are offered as ceremonial gifts and serve as purification media at traditional events.

    “In Asia, and especially in India, tender, i.e., immature, coconuts are offered as ceremonial gifts and serve as purification media at traditional events [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Rethinam, 2001, Indian Coconut J.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water can be processed into wine.

    “Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Augustine S.P., Wine produced using tender coconut and product, Patent US2007/017897 A1, Inde, 2007.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water is used as a ceremonial gift.

    “Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Rethinam, 2001, Indian Coconut J.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water is traditionally prescribed for burning pain during urination, dysuria, gastritis, burning pain of the eyes, indigestion, hiccups or expelling of retained placenta.

    “Coconut water is traditionally prescribed for burning pain during urination, dysuria, gastritis, burning pain of the eyes, indigestion, hiccups or even expelling of retained placenta.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Ediriweera, 2003, Cocoinfo Int.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water can be processed into vinegar.

    “Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Sanchez P.C., Collado L.S., Gerpacio C.L., Lapitan H., Village level technology of processing coconut water vinegar, Philipp. Agric. (1985) 439–448.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water is used as a microbiological growth medium.

    “Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optimum activities of polyphenoloxydase (PPO) and peroxydase (POD) in green coconut water occurred at pH 6.0 and pH 5.5 and at temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively.

    “Optimum activities of polyphenoloxydase (PPO) and peroxydase (POD) in green coconut water occurred at pH 6.0 and pH 5.5 and at temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Campos, 1996, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The amount of coconut water that can be harvested from each nut is about 300 mL, but depends to a great extent on the stage of maturity and on the variety of coconut.

    “The amount of coconut water that can be harvested from each nut is about 300 mL, but depends to a great extent on the stage of maturity and on the variety of coconut.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More than 30 compounds were identified in the coconut headspace samples.

    “More than 30 compounds were identified in the coconut headspace samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Jirovetz, 2003, Ernähr.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Coconut water in its envelope is sterile and composed of both organic and inorganic compounds (almost all minerals found in food).

    “Coconut water in its envelope is sterile and composed of both organic and inorganic compounds (almost all minerals found in food).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The main sugars in mature coconut water are sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose, followed by minor sugars including galactose, xylose and mannose.

    “The main sugars in mature coconut water are sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose [34,35], followed by minor sugars including galactose, xylose and mannose.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Del Rosario, 1984, Trans. the Natl. Acad. Sci. Technol.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [35] Ogundiya, 1991, J. Sci. Food Agric. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Coconut water has a specific taste and flavour, different from the well-known fragrance of the coconut kernel.

    “Coconut water has a specific taste and flavour, different from the wellknown fragrance of the coconut kernel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    At full maturity (12 months), coconut water represents between 15% and 30% of the weight of the nut.

    “At full maturity (12 months), coconut water represents between 15% and 30% of the weight of the nut.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Major differences in mineral composition between immature and mature coconut water are due to potassium, chloride, iron and sulphur content.

    “According to Thampan and Rethinam, the major differences in mineral composition between immature and mature coconut water were due to potassium, chloride, iron and sulphur content [31]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vitamin B group is present in coconut water with 0.64 μg/mL of nicotinic acid and 0.52 μg/mL of panthotenic acid.

    “The vitamin B group is present in coconut water with 0.64 µg•mL -1 of nicotinic acid and 0.52 µg•mL -1 of panthotenic acid [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Respective molecular weights for POD and PPO were 49.2 kDa and 73.8 kDa by gel filtration and 44.63 kDa for peroxidase by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

    “Respective molecular weights for POD and PPO were 49.2 kDa and 73.8 kDa by gel filtration and 44.63 kDa for peroxidase by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Duarte, 2002, Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    From 6-8 months, sucrose content increases until it comprises about 40% of total soluble sugars at full maturity, while glucose and fructose fall from 40% to 10% of TSS and 55% to 25% of TSS during the same period.

    “From that stage, the sucrose content increased until it comprised about 40% of total soluble sugars (TSS) at the full maturity stage, while glucose and fructose fell, respectively, from 40% to 10% of TSS and 55% to 25% of TSS during the same period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Assa, 2007, Agron. Afr.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The relative importance of the enzyme activities and their substrates, mainly phenolic compounds, probably changes at different physiological stages of the fruit.

    “As for avocado fruits [45], the relative importance of the enzyme activities and their substrates, mainly phenolic compounds, probably changes at different physiological stages of the fruit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Golan, 1977, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Growth of spinach tissue on a medium supplemented with 10% to 15% (v/v) mature coconut water increased the weight of spinach callus after 5 weeks and accelerated shoot regeneration (4-5 weeks instead of 8-12 weeks without).

    “For example, the growth of spinach tissue on a medium supplemented with 10% to 15% (v/v) mature coconut water increased the weight of spinach callus after 5 weeks and accelerated shoot regeneration (4-5 weeks instead of 8-12 weeks without) [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Al-Khayri, 1992, HortScience source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Even in similar coconut varieties, the [PPO/POD] ratio fluctuates between 0.3 and 16.7, suggesting that enzyme activity probably depends on the history of the coconut fruit: variety, cultivation conditions, stage of maturity at harvest, storage conditions of the fruit and even mode of extraction of the coconut water.

    “Even in similar coconut varieties, it fluctuates between 0.3 and 16.7, suggesting that enzyme activity probably depends on the history of the coconut fruit: variety, cultivation conditions, stage of maturity at harvest, storage conditions of the fruit and even”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Minerals account for only 0.4% to 1% of the liquid volume, but contribute to the isotonic properties of coconut water.

    “They account for only 0.4% to 1% of the liquid volume, but nevertheless contribute to its isotonic properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Shantz and Steward first extracted some of the growth-promoting substances from coconut water.

    “Shantz and Steward first extracted some of the growth-promoting substances [75], which were later identified by Pollard et al. as sorbitol, myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Shantz, 1952, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    The effect of phosphorus supplementation appeared to be similar to that of potassium supplementation.

    “The effect of phosphorus supplementation appeared to be similar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] Da Silva, 2006, Rev. Bras. Frutic. source
    • cites [68] Teixeira, 2005, Rev. Bras. Frutic. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water was highly sensitive to fluctuations in potassium and sodium inputs and also sensitive to phosphorus, sulphur and chloride supplementation.

    “Coconut water was highly sensitive to fluctuations in potassium and sodium inputs and also sensitive to phosphorus, sulphur and chloride supplementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Jeganathan, 1992, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A classification of coconut cultivars according to the [RS / TS] ratio of their water should be possible.

    “A classification of coconut cultivars according to the [RS / TS] ratio of their water should be possible.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Only a few of the molecules responsible for medicinal or nutraceutical properties of coconut water have been scientifically investigated.

    “Only a few of the molecules responsible for medicinal or nutraceutical properties have been scientifically investigated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water is often cultivated by small-scale farmers in developing countries with no chemical inputs.

    “This result emphasised the organic nature of coconut water, which is often cultivated by small-scale farmers in developing countries with no chemical inputs [72].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Assa, 2006, Sci. Nat.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    The coconut kernel had higher AEAC and ascorbic acid values than coconut water.

    “The coconut kernel had higher values than the coconut water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    As a beverage, the sensorial properties of coconut water have rarely been studied, especially colour and flavour.

    “As a beverage, the sensorial properties of coconut water have rarely been studied, especially colour and flavour.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water had higher potassium ion content.

    “The coconut water had higher chloride and potassium ion contents [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    None of these studies took into account either the origin or the stage of maturity of the coconut fruits.

    “In addition, none of these studies took into account either the origin or the stage of maturity of the coconut fruits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Scyllo-inositol, previously called cocositol, was first isolated from coconut leaves by Müller.

    “In fact, the latter (previously called cocositol) was first isolated from coconut leaves by Müller [76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Müller, 1907, J. Chem. Soc. Trans. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The quality of coconut water cannot only be attributed to sugars and minerals because it also has a typical flavour, not yet clearly characterised, and some original properties.

    “However, the quality of coconut water can not only be attributed to sugars and minerals because it also has a typical flavour (not yet clearly characterised) and some original properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This new method of preparation was revealed to be a cheap and efficient way to obtain high-quality nickel ferrite nanosized powders.

    “This new method of preparation was revealed to be a cheap and efficient way to obtain high-quality nickel ferrite nanosized powders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immature coconut fruits have a better mineral composition and a higher volume.

    “However, immature coconut fruits have a better mineral composition and a higher volume [87] and would be more suitable for future research on intravenous use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Goldsmith, 1961, Br. J. Surg. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water does not appear to be an ideal solution for long-term resuscitation but may serve as a temporary alternative in emergencies.

    “But, as stated by Campbell-Falk et al., coconut water does not appear to be an ideal solution for long-term resuscitation but may serve as a temporary alternative in emergencies [16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Campbell-Falck, 2000, Am. J. Emerg. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water naturally contains a large protein chain which can easily bind to metal ions.

    “The interest in using coconut water was that it naturally contains a large protein chain which can easily bind to metal ions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Nothing was known about the growing, harvesting and storage conditions, or the stage of maturity, of the coconut fruits used in those studies.

    “Nothing was known about their growing, harvesting and storage conditions, or their stage of maturity, which could have a major influence on the quality and amount of both polyols and phytohormones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [77][78][79][80][81][82]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anzaldo et al. infused 500 to 700 mL of coconut water into nine human volunteers and did not detect any significant change in the electrolytic composition of the blood, blood pressure, pulse rate or respiration.

    “As an intravenous fluid, Anzaldo et al. infused (500 to 700) mL of coconut water into nine human volunteers and did not detect any significant change either in the electrolytic composition of the blood, or in blood pressure, pulse rate or respiration [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Anzaldo, 1985, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The growing, harvesting and storage conditions, and stage of maturity, could have a major influence on the quality and amount of both polyols and phytohormones.

    “Nothing was known about their growing, harvesting and storage conditions, or their stage of maturity, which could have a major influence on the quality and amount of both polyols and phytohormones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The latter result was based on mature coconut water.

    “It should be noted that the latter result was based on mature coconut water.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Campbell-Falck, 2000, Am. J. Emerg. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The authors of the cytokinin studies worked on unidentified cultivars and purchased their coconut fruits in local supermarkets.

    “Despite their very interesting and important results, the authors unfortunately worked on unidentified cultivars and purchased their coconut fruits in local supermarkets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [77][78][79][80][81][82]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source
50 of 50

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The literature data from different studies on coconut water composition are comparable enough to be combined and analysed together.

    “To summarise knowledge of the ripening process, we computed and analysed these results (figures 2, 3).”
    “To obtain exhaustive information on the components of coconut water, data from nine articles representing 48 accessions of coconut palms and 42 different varieties were analysed (table V).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 6-7 month stage is the most palatable stage for drinking coconut water.

    “This stage of maturity is also claimed by many authors to be the most palatable for drinking coconut water.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The enzymes polyphenoloxydase and peroxydase are responsible for the discoloration frequently observed in coconut water.

    “These enzymes are assumed to be responsible for the discoloration (pink, yellow or brown) frequently observed in coconut water.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most of the original properties of coconut water are due to minor components such as minerals, volatile aromatic molecules, polyols or small peptides.

    “Most of the original properties of coconut water are due to minor components such as minerals, volatile aromatic molecules, polyols or small peptides.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Coconut water is considered to be a natural medicine in different civilisations.

    “As coconut water is considered to be a natural medicine in different civilisations, it was screened to identify defense peptides with bactericidal properties [86].”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Coconut water is widely consumed as a drink and is prized for its delicate, albeit labile, flavor when fresh.

    “Coconut water is practically sterile in the coconut and is widely consumed as a drink, prized for its delicate, albeit labile, flavor when fresh.”

    From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]

    Section 2.2, “As a natural beverage” (page unavailable), says coconut water is consumed as a refreshing drink by thousands of people in tropical regions. The discussion of aromatic compounds (page unavailable) describes its distinctive flavor and the aroma of the fresh liquid, but the passages do not establish that the flavor is delicate or labile. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Coconut water contains significant concentrations of potassium (mean K = 2019 mg/kg, range 338-3080 mg/kg, n=31 from nine studies).

    “As with fruit juices, coconut water contains significant concentrations of potassium (mean K ¼ 2019 mg/kg, r ¼ 338-3080 mg/kg, n ¼ 31 from nine studies) (1).”

    From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]

    Section 3.2, Table V (page not available) identifies potassium concentrations in mg/kg and draws on nine articles. Its reported range is 338–3080 mg/kg, but its mean is 2029 mg/kg, not 2019 mg/kg; the retrieved passages do not state that 31 measurements underlie the figure. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • CW contains higher levels of alanine, arginine, cysteine, and serine compared to milk, and these amino acids might be associated with the discoloration of CW.

    “Interestingly, CW contains higher levels of alanine, arginine, cysteine, and serine compared to milk, and these amino acids might be associated with the discoloration of CW [30].”

    From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [30]

    The composition passage states that alanine, arginine, cysteine and serine are higher in coconut water than in cow’s milk. It attributes coconut-water discoloration to enzymes, particularly polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase, rather than linking it to those amino acids. No page number is supplied for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Variation in total sugars in water from mature coconuts from various varieties and origins was in the range 1.8-4.4 g/100 mL.

    “For example, Prades et al. (1) reported that the variation in total sugars in water from mature coconuts, from various varieties and origin, was in the range of 1.8-4.4g/ 100 mL.”

    From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]

  • Coconut water is practically sterile in the coconut.

    “This practically sterile liquid which is prized for its delicate, albeit labile, flavor when fresh”

    From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Mature-water solids range conflicts with table mean

    Minor

    The prose places the dry matter of mature coconut water at 5%-6%, but Table I gives a mean total-solids content of 4.5 g/100 mL for mature coconut water, below that range.

  • Sucrose and reducing sugars exceed total sugars for Malayan Tall

    Minor

    Table I reports 5.1 g/100 mL of sucrose and 2.9 g/100 mL of reducing sugars for Malayan Tall. These distinct sugar components sum to 8.0 g/100 mL, exceeding the reported total sugars of 4.4 g/100 mL.

    Reported 4.4 · recomputed 8

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 46

  1. Ediriweera, 2003, Cocoinfo Int., 10, 11
  2. Pieris, 1971, Oléagineux, 26, 383
  3. Batugal P.A., Ramanatha Rao V., Bong C., Promoting multi-purpose uses and competitiveness of the coconut, in: Batugal P.A., Ramanatha Rao V., Bong C.E. (Eds.), IPGRI, Chumphon, Thailand, 1996.
  4. Steiner, 2008, Ernähr., 32, 513
  5. Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds, 10–11, 91
  6. Rethinam, 2001, Indian Coconut J., 32, 2
  7. De Carvalho, 2006, Semin.: Ciênc. Agrar., 27, 437
  8. da Kumar, 1990, Indian Coconut J., 21, 14
  9. Alaban, 1962, Philipp. Agric., 45, 490
  10. De Gallardo, 1971, Philipp. J. Sci., 100, 41
  11. Sierra, 1976, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud., 1, 11
  12. Anith, 2009, Current Sci., 97, 1647
  13. Jayalekshmy, 1986, J. Food Sci. Technol., 23, 203
  14. Dupaigne, 1971, Fruits, 26, 625
  15. Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J., 35, 6
  16. Lapitan, 1983, Philipp. Agric., 66, 144
  17. Pue, 1992, Sci. New Guin., 18, 81
  18. Del Rosario, 1984, Trans. the Natl. Acad. Sci. Technol., 6, 127
  19. Chavalittamrong, 1982, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 13, 427
  20. Anzaldo, 1985, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud., 10, 31
  21. Uphade, 2008, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 6, 2052
  22. Shivashankar, 1991, J. Plant. Crops., 19, 102
  23. Campos, 1996, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud., 20, 487
  24. Jirovetz, 2003, Ernähr., 27, 300
  25. Dhamodaran S., Ratnambal M.J., Chempakam B., Pillai R.V., Viraktamath B.C., Evaluation of tendernut water in coconut cultivars, in: Nair M.K., Khan H.H., Gopalasundaram P., Bhaskana Rao E.N.V. (Eds.), Advances in Coconut Research and Development, ISOCRAD II Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. PVT Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1993.
  26. Wang, 2008, J. Fruit Sci., 25, 601
  27. Apshara, 2007, Indian Coconut J., 38, 20
  28. Kwiatkowski, 2008, Int. J. Food Agric. Environ., 6, 102
  29. De Kruijff, 1906, Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl., 4, 1
  30. Nathanael, 1952, Ceylon Coconut Q., 3, 193
  31. Lahille, 1920, Bull. Écon . Indoch., 140, 1
  32. Assa, 2007, Agron. Afr., 19, 41
  33. Ranasinghe, 2009, Indian Coconut J., 51, 18
  34. Nadanasabapathy, 1999, Indian J. Agric. Sci., 69, 750
  35. Samsudeen, 2006, Indian Coconut J., 36, 10
  36. Wazir S.K.S., Technologies on environment-friendly young tender coconuts, in: Proc. Cocotech Meeting, APCC, Manila, Philipp., 1997.
  37. Ouvrier, 1984, Oléagineux, 39, 263
  38. Assa, 2006, Sci. Nat., 3, 113
  39. Anurag, 2007, Indian Coconut J., 37, 22
  40. Radenahmad, 2009, Histol. Histopathol., 24, 667
  41. Prakash, 2008, NutraCos, 7, 6
  42. Costa, 2006, Rev. Bras. Armaz., 31, 95
  43. Enonuya, 1988, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds, 9, 48
  44. Sison, 1977, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud., 11, 39
  45. Diop N., Caractérisation physico-chimique de l’eau de la noix de coco verte ( Cocos nucifera L.) et essais de stabilisation par techniques membranaires, ENSIA-SIARC, Master thesis, Montpellier, France, 2005, 132 p.
  46. Kikuda A.T., Tadini C.C., Fernandes R., Modelo de primeira ordem multicomponente para inativação térmica em processo descontínuo da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase presentes na água de coco verde ( Cocos nucifera L.), in: CBCTA A.d.X. (Ed.), XVIII Cong. Bras. Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim., Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2002.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Prades, A., Dornier, M., Diop, N., & Pain, J.-P.
Affiliations
  • UMR QualiSud (FR)
  • Institut Agro Montpellier (FR)
  • Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (SN)
ORCID
Venue
Fruits
Publisher
CABI Publishing
Published
2012-03
Volume
67
Issue
2
Pages
87-107
ISSN
  • 0248-1294 (ISSN-L)
  • 1625-967X
DOI
10.1051/fruits/2012002
OpenAlex
W2051937794
Semantic Scholar
b483e52bddd2c44e25ee397d09c49b61721a3c30
Cited by
284
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI
3.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Fruits (publishedVersion)
  • Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • Agritrop (Cirad) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Keywords
coconut water, nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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