Dissecting green returns
Integrity signals
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An unexpected increase in environmental or climate concerns could lead to higher realized returns.
“Alternatively, an unexpected increase in environmental or climate concerns (Ardia et al., 2022;Pastor et al., 2022) could also lead to higher realized returns.”
From A review on ESG investing: Investors' expectations, beliefs and perceptions (2024) · cites this paper as Pastor et al., 2022
Higher past realized returns may reflect unexpected increases in environmental concerns and are not inconsistent with lower expected returns going forward.
“Note that higher past realized returns may reflect unexpected increases in environmental concerns and are not inconsistent with lower expected returns going forward (seePastor et al. (2022)).”
From Sustainability Preferences Under Stress: Evidence from COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as Pastor et al. (2022)
Cites
Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1993) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(93)90023-5 · Cited by 25,754 · see citing works
On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance
Carhart, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x · Cited by 17,283 · see citing works
A five-factor asset pricing model
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2015) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.010 · Cited by 7,852 · see citing works
The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors
Krueger, P., Sautner, Z., & Starks, L. T. (2020) · The Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhz137 · Cited by 3,034 · see citing works
Sustainable investing in equilibrium
Pástor, Ľ., Stambaugh, R. F., & Taylor, L. A. (2021) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.12.011 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of pro-environmental preferences on bond prices: Evidence from green bonds
Zerbib, O. D. (2019) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.10.012 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
Ilhan, E., Sautner, Z., & Vilkov, G. (2021) · The Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhaa071 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Climate risks and market efficiency
Hong, H., Li, F. W., & Xu, J. (2019) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2018.09.015 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
The Cross-section of Expected Stock Returns
Lewellen, J. (2015) · Critical Finance Review · doi:10.1561/104.00000024 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Zerbib, O. D. (2022) · Review of Finance · doi:10.1093/rof/rfac045 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
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Presidential Address: Sustainable Finance and ESG Issues— <i>Value</i> versus <i>Values</i>
STARKS, L. T. (2023) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.13255 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
A review on ESG investing: Investors' expectations, beliefs and perceptions
Kräussl, R., Oladiran, T., & Stefanova, D. (2024) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12599 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Sustainability Preferences Under Stress: Evidence from COVID-19
Döttling, R., & Kim, S. (2020) · SSRN Working Paper · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3656756 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Discretionary Information in ESG Investing: A Text Analysis of Mutual Fund Prospectuses
Andrikogiannopoulou, A., Krueger, P., Mitali, S. F., & Papakonstantinou, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4082263 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Eisfeldt, A. L., Schubert, G., Zhang, M. B., & Taska, B. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4436627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The ESG Flow-Return Paradox: Green sentiment boosts inflows but lags in returns
Gao, P., & Perdana, A. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128385 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pástor, Ľ., Stambaugh, R. F., & Taylor, L. A.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Lucian A.
- Venue
- Journal of Financial Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 403-424
- ISSN
- 0304-405X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4290960126
- Cited by
- 1,133
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 250 · 2025: 324 · 2024: 294 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 155.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Financial Economics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Sustainable Finance and Green Bonds
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
- Keywords
- green assets, green bonds, green stocks, greenium, expected returns, implied cost of capital, earnings shocks, green factor, asset pricing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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