Cited by 3,873Microplastics and Plastic PollutionPolymer Science and PVCRecycling and Waste Management Techniques

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An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling

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Hahladakis, John N., Velis, Costas A., Weber, Roland, Iacovidou, Eleni, Purnell, Phil·2018·Journal of Hazardous Materials

DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014

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Abstract

Over the last 60 years plastics production has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightweight nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials production, comes increased plastic material wastage creating a number of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasising on the various chemical substances (known as "additives") contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times.

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“Polymer blending has been extensively used over the last few ecades to produce new polymeric materials that combine the indiidual attributes of the component polymers [76].”
Background
Contamination and risk of heavy metals in soils and sediments from a typical plastic waste recycling area in North China
Tang, Z., Zhang, L., Huang, Q., Yang, Y., Nie, Z., Cheng, J., Yang, J., Wang, Y., & Chai, M. (2015) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.006 · Cited by 156
Migration of Nonylphenol from Plastic Containers to Water and a Milk Surrogate
Loyo-Rosales, J. E., Rosales-Rivera, G. C., Lynch, A. M., Rice, C. P., & Torrents, A. (2004) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0345696 · Cited by 155 · cited 1×
“Examples of PoTSs studied for potential release from various plastic products include: phthalates [103,104], brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [105], BPA [106–109], bisphenol-A dimethacrylate [108], lead, tin and cadmium [110], formaldehyde and acetaldehyde [111], 4-nonylphenol [112,113], MTBE (methyl tertbutyl ether…”
Background
Evaluation of Biodegradation-Promoting Additives for Plastics
Selke, S. E. M., Auras, R. A., Nguyen, T. A., Castro‐Aguirre, E., Cheruvathur, R. J., & Liu, Y. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es504258u · Cited by 154 · cited 1×
“The targeting goal behind the use of biodegradable plastics is he assimilation of these materials back into the environment [81].”
Background
Plastics and the environment
Andrady, A. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471721557 · Cited by 152
Association between lung function in school children and exposure to three transition metals from an e-waste recycling area
Zheng, G., Xu, X., Li, B., Wu, K., Yekeen, T. A., & Huo, X. (2012) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2012.84 · Cited by 148
High levels of PAH-metabolites in urine of e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Ghana
Feldt, T., Fobil, J. N., Wittsiepe, J., Wilhelm, M., Till, H., Zoufaly, A., Burchard, G. D., & Göen, T. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.097 · Cited by 148
Influence of E-Waste Dismantling and Its Regulations: Temporal Trend, Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Rice Grains, and Its Potential Health Risk
Fu, J., Zhang, A., Wang, T., Qu, G., Shao, J.-J., Yuan, B., Wang, Y., & Jiang, G. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es304903b · Cited by 147
Downsides of the recycling process: harmful organic chemicals in children's toys
Ionas, A. C., Dirtu, A. C., Anthonissen, T., Neels, H., & Covaci, A. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.019 · Cited by 142
Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics
Kim, Y.-J., Osako, M., & Sakai, S.-I. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.019 · Cited by 140
Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area, western North Pacific Ocean
Yamashita, R., & Tanimura, A. (2007) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.012 · Cited by 135
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its source in foods in Japanese markets
Sajiki, J., MIYAMOTO, F., Fukata, H., Mori, C., Yonekubo, J., & Hayakawa, K. (2006) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030600936383 · Cited by 126
Microwave Heating Causes Rapid Degradation of Antioxidants in Polypropylene Packaging, Leading to Greatly Increased Specific Migration to Food Simulants As Shown by ESI-MS and GC-MS
Alin, J., & Hakkarainen, M. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf1048639 · Cited by 122
The social costs of marine litter along European coasts
Brouwer, R., Hadzhiyska, D., Ioakeimidis, C., & Ouderdorp, H. (2017) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.011 · Cited by 121 · cited 1×
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An analysis of the composition and metal contamination of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Stenvall, E., Tostar, S., Boldizar, A., Foreman, M. R. S. J., & Möller, K. (2013) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.022 · Cited by 117
Plastic litter in the sea
Depledge, M. H., Galgani, F., Panti, C., Caliani, I., Casini, S., & Fossi, M. C. (2013) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.002 · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“A non-negligible fraction of plastic waste, unfortunately, ends up as litter in the marine and terrestrial environment and ecosystem, creating various environmental, economic and social impacts [32,33].”
Background
Assessment of Noise and Heavy Metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the Ambience of the Production Line for Recycling Waste Printed Circuit Boards
Xue, M., Yang, Y., Ruan, J., & Xu, Z. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es202513b · Cited by 116
Characterizing the migration of antioxidants from polypropylene into fatty food simulants
Garde, J. A., Catalá, R., Gavara, R., & Hernández, R. J. (2001) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030116713 · Cited by 116
Biodegradable plastic bags on the seafloor: A future threat for seagrass meadows?
Balestri, E., Menicagli, V., Vallerini, F., & Lardicci, C. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.249 · Cited by 116 · cited 1×
“biodegradable plastic bags) may lter marine sediment geochemistry and influence species coexisence [70].”
Background
Identification and quantification of the migration of chemicals from plastic baby bottles used as substitutes for polycarbonate
Simoneau, C., den Eede, L. V., & Valzacchi, S. (2012) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.644588 · Cited by 114
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils, Sediments, and Human Hair in a Plastic Waste Recycling Area: A Neglected Heavily Polluted Area
Tang, Z., Huang, Q., Cheng, J., Yang, Y., Yang, J., Guo, W., Nie, Z., Zeng, N., & Jin, L. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es404905u · Cited by 112
Effect of Heat Processing and Storage Time on Migration of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol A−Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE) to Aqueous Food Simulant from Mexican Can Coatings
Munguia-Lopez, E. M., & Soto‐Valdez, H. (2001) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0009044 · Cited by 108
Migration of plasticizers from PVC gaskets of lids for glass jars into oily foods: Amount of gasket material in food contact, proportion of plasticizer migrating into food and compliance testing by simulation
Fankhauser-Noti, A., & Grob, K. (2005) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.013 · Cited by 107
Analysis of Phthalate Migration from Plastic Containers to Packaged Cooking Oil and Mineral Water
Xu, Q., Yin, X., Wang, M., Wang, H., Zhang, N., Shen, Y., Xu, S. J., Zhang, L., & Gu, Z. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf102821h · Cited by 106
industrial Plastics: theory and applications
Lokensgard, E. (2017) · Cited by 106
Evaluation of the effect of reprocessing on the structure and properties of low density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch blends
Peres, A. M., Pires, R. R., & Oréfice, R. L. (2015) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.047 · Cited by 104 · cited 23×
“[135] LDPE, PS LDPE, PP LDPE BHA, DBP, BHT, Irganox 1010, 1076, Irgafos 168, Ethanox 330 Distilled water 60 20 d Of all migrated substances studied, only Irgafos 168 and Ethanox 330 were detected in FSs. [136] 40 ± 1 10 d PA, PE/PA, PP Overall migration Olive oil, ethanol 95% 40 10 d For PA/PE, 95% ethanol appeared to…”
BackgroundInfluential
Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters emitted from plastic wastes recycling granulation plants in Xingtan Town, South China
Huang, D., Zhou, S., Hong, W. L., Feng, W., & Tao, L. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.011 · Cited by 102
Polystyrene cups and containers: Styrene migration
Tawfik, M. S., & Huyghebaert, A. D. (1998) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039809374686 · Cited by 101
Migration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde into mineral water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
Mutsuga, M., Kawamura, Y., Sugita‐Konishi, Y., Hara‐Kudo, Y., Takatori, K., & Tanamoto, K. (2006) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030500398361 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“Examples of PoTSs studied for potential release from various plastic products include: phthalates [103,104], brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [105], BPA [106–109], bisphenol-A dimethacrylate [108], lead, tin and cadmium [110], formaldehyde and acetaldehyde [111], 4-nonylphenol [112,113], MTBE (methyl tertbutyl ether…”
Background
Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in childbearing-aged women at an intensive electronic-waste recycling site in China
Leung, A. O. W., Chan, J. K. Y., Xing, G. H., Xu, Y., Wu, S. C., Wong, C. K. C., Leung, C. K. M., & Wong, M. H. (2010) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-010-0310-6 · Cited by 98
Measurement and human exposure assessment of brominated flame retardants in household products from South China
Chen, S.-J., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, J., Tian, M., Luo, X., Chen, D., & Mai, B. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.138 · Cited by 96
Environmental profile of a bio-based and biodegradable foamed packaging prototype in comparison with the current benchmark
Razza, F., Innocenti, F. D., Dobón, A., Aliaga, C., Sanchez, C., & Hortal, M. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.033 · Cited by 94
Type of polypropylene material significantly influences the migration of antioxidants from polymer packaging to food simulants during microwave heating
Alin, J., & Hakkarainen, M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.32472 · Cited by 94
Migration of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Oligomers from PET Plastics into Foods during Microwave and Conventional Cooking and into Bottled Beverages
Castle, L., Mayo, A., Crews, C., & Gilbert, J. C. (1989) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-52.5.337 · Cited by 94
Determination of antioxidant migration levels from low-density polyethylene films into food simulants
Dopico, S., Vilariño, J. M. L., & González-Rodríguez, M. V. (2003) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.025 · Cited by 92
Closed loop recycling of plastics containing Flame Retardants
Peeters, J. R., Vanegas, P., Tange, L., van Houwelingen, J., & Duflou, J. R. (2014) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.12.006 · Cited by 92
Phthalates, Adipates, Citrate and Some of the Other Plasticizers Detected in Japanese Retail Foods: A survey.
Tsumura, Y., ISHIMITSU, S., Kaihara, A., Yoshii, K., & TONOGAI, Y. (2002) · Eisei kagaku · doi:10.1248/jhs.48.493 · Cited by 90
Environmental contamination and human exposure to dioxin-related compounds in e-waste recycling sites of developing countries
Tue, N. M., Takahashi, S. I., Subramanian, A., Sakai, S.-I., & Tanabe, S. (2013) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c3em00086a · Cited by 89
Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, sediment and dust samples collected from various electronic waste recycling sites within Guiyu town, southern China
Labunska, I., Harrad, S. J., Santillo, D. J., Johnston, P., & Brigden, K. (2013) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c2em30785e · Cited by 88
Evidence of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) relevant substances in polymeric food-contact articles sold on the European market
Puype, F., Samsonek, J., Knoop, J., Egelkraut-Holtus, M., & Ortlieb, M. (2015) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2015.1009499 · Cited by 85
Determination of Polymer Additives–Antioxidants and Ultraviolet (UV) Absorbers by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with UV Photodiode Array Detection in Food Simulants
Gao, Y., Gu, Y., & Wei, Y. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf203257b · Cited by 85
Circular economy and global secondary material supply chains
Velis, C. A. (2015) · Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x15587641 · Cited by 84 · cited 22×
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Migration of lead from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes
Al‐Malack, M. H. (2001) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00366-6 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“Examples of PoTSs studied for potential release from various plastic products include: phthalates [103,104], brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [105], BPA [106–109], bisphenol-A dimethacrylate [108], lead, tin and cadmium [110], formaldehyde and acetaldehyde [111], 4-nonylphenol [112,113], MTBE (methyl tertbutyl ether…”
Background
Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in black thermo cups and selected kitchen utensils purchased on the European market
Samsonek, J., & Puype, F. (2013) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.829246 · Cited by 81
An overview of plastic recycling in Rio de Janeiro
Pacheco, É. B. A. V., Ronchetti, L. M., & Masanet, E. R. (2012) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.010 · Cited by 80
Antioxidants and their migration into food simulants on irradiated LLDPE film
Jeon, D. H., Park, G. Y., Kwak, I. S., Lee, K. H., & Park, H. J. (2005) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2005.05.017 · Cited by 77
Diffusion coefficient and activation energy of Irganox 1010 in poly(propylene-co-ethylene) copolymers
Ferrara, G., Bertoldo, M., Scoponi, M., & Ciardelli, F. (2001) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00121-5 · Cited by 76
The relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal contents of indoor dust in e-waste recycling impacted area, Southeast China
Zhu, Z., Han, Z., Bi, X., & Yang, W. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.067 · Cited by 75
Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC film into sweetened sesame paste (halawa tehineh): Kinetic and penetration study
Goulas, A. E., Zygoura, P. D., Karatapanis, A. E., Georgantelis, D., & Kontominas, M. G. (2006) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.003 · Cited by 74
Kinetic migration studies from packaging films into meat products
Sanches-Silva, A. T., Cruz, J. M., Sendón, R., Franz, R., & Losada, P. P. (2007) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.03.009 · Cited by 74
Junkyard planet: travels in the billion-dollar trash trade
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“Whereas in the Global North plastics production, use and recycling is regulated to varying degrees, in many developing countries plastic recycling is often not controlled by an appropriate regulatory framework, and environmental protection is poorly enforced, resulting in significant contamination of the ambient envir…”
Background
Determination of adipate plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) by microwave-assisted extraction
Cano, J. M., Marı́n, M. L., Sánchez, A., & Hernandis, V. (2002) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00642-8 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“Plasticizers are most commonly used for improving the flexibility, durability and stretchability of polymeric films, reducing, at the same time, melt flow [87,88].”
Background
Migration of two antioxidants from packaging into a solid food and into Tenax®
Reinas, I., OLIVEIRA, J. C., Pereira, J., Machado, F., & Poças, M. D. F. T. (2012) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.023 · Cited by 67
Reinforcement of adhesion and development of morphology at polymer–polymer interface via reactive compatibilization: A review
Jiang, G., Wu, H. K., & Guo, S. (2010) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.21686 · Cited by 66
Migration of styrene from plastic packaging based on polystyrene into food simulants
Paraskevopoulou, D., Achilias, D. S., & Paraskevopoulou, A. (2011) · Polymer International · doi:10.1002/pi.3161 · Cited by 65
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health
Tang, Z., Huang, Q., Yang, Y., Nie, Z., Cheng, J., Yang, J., Wang, Y., & Chai, M. (2015) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5296-7 · Cited by 63
4-Nonylphenol (NP) in food-contact materials: Analytical methodology and occurrence
Fernandes, A., Rose, M., & Charlton, C. (2008) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/02652030701564548 · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“Examples of PoTSs studied for potential release from various plastic products include: phthalates [103,104], brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [105], BPA [106–109], bisphenol-A dimethacrylate [108], lead, tin and cadmium [110], formaldehyde and acetaldehyde [111], 4-nonylphenol [112,113], MTBE (methyl tertbutyl ether…”
Background
Recycling of the #5 Polymer
Xanthos, M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1221806 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“It is vailable for example as Keltan 5170P from Lanxess Gmbh [85].”
Method
Additive Migration from Plastics Into Food
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“Nonetheless, other types of olymers, such as LDPE and polyamides, can retain their stability ven under severe heat conditions without the presence of heat tabilizers [88,93].”
Background
Environmental and health hazards of chemicals in plastic polymers and products
Lithner, D. (2011) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 62
Migration studies on fatty acid amide slip additives from plastics into food simulants
Cooper, I. R., & Tice, P. A. (1995) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039509374298 · Cited by 62
Migration of styrene from polystyrene foam food-contact articles
Lickly, T. D., Lehr, K. M., & Welsh, G. (1995) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(95)00009-q · Cited by 62
Determination of migration monomer styrene from GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) and HIPS (high impact polystyrene) cups to hot drinks
Khaksar, M. R., & Ghazi‐Khansari, M. (2009) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.1080/15376510802510299 · Cited by 62
Migration of styrene monomer, dimers and trimers from polystyrene to food simulants
Choi, J. O., Jitsunari, F., Asakawa, F., & Lee, D. S. (2005) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030500160050 · Cited by 61
Migration of heavy metals from recycled polyethylene terephthalate during storage and microwave heating
Whitt, M. D., Brown, W., Danes, J. E., & Vorst, K. (2015) · Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting · doi:10.1177/8756087915590190 · Cited by 61
Migration of a UV stabilizer from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into food simulants
Begley, T. H., Biles, J. E., Cunningham, C. R., & Piringer, O. (2004) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030400010447 · Cited by 59
Study on adverse impact of e-waste disassembly on surface sediment in East China by chemical analysis and bioassays
Chen, L., Yu, C., Shen, C., Zhang, C., Liu, L., Shen, K., Tang, X., & Chen, Y. (2010) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-009-0176-8 · Cited by 59
Influence of recycling of poly(lactic acid) on packaging relevant properties
Hopmann, C., Schippers, S., & Höfs, C. (2014) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.41532 · Cited by 53
PVC cling film in contact with cheese: Health aspects related to global migration and specific migration of DEHA
Petersen, J. H., Naamansen, E. T., & Nielsen, P. A. (1995) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039509374299 · Cited by 51
Recycling and resource efficiency: it is time for a change from quantity to quality
Velis, C. A., & Brunner, P. H. (2013) · Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x13489782 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“Here we focus upon two prominent cases that are critical for a circular economy of cleaner material cycles [102], so that longer-term dispersion of PTEs to the environment is sufficiently mitigated and effectively controlled: (a) the migration mechanism(s) and release potential of most substances and additives existin…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Analytical screening of polyadipates and other plasticisers in poly(vinyl chloride) gasket seals and in fatty food by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Ezerskis, Z., Morkūnas, V., Suman, M., & Simoneau, C. (2007) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.047 · Cited by 50
Determination of migrants in and migration from nylon food packaging
Begley, T. H., Gay, M. L., & Hollifield, H. C. (1995) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039509374355 · Cited by 48
Migration from polycarbonate packaging to food simulants during microwave heating
Alin, J., & Hakkarainen, M. (2012) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.017 · Cited by 47
Substance flow analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic from EEE/WEEE in Nigeria in the frame of Stockholm Convention as a basis for policy advice
Babayemi, J. O., Sindiku, O., Osibanjo, O., & Weber, R. (2014) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3228-6 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Time‐ and temperature‐dependent migration studies of Irganox 1076 from plastics into foods and food simulants
Beldì, G., Pastorelli, S., Franchini, F., & Simoneau, C. (2012) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.649304 · Cited by 45
The influence of resource strategies on childhood phthalate exposure—the role of REACH in a zero waste society
Lee, J., Pedersen, A. B., & Thomsen, M. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.003 · Cited by 44
Interactions between poly(vinyl chloride) stabilised with epoxidised sunflower oil and food simulants
Boussoum, M. O., Atek, D., & Belhaneche‐Bensemra, N. (2005) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.036 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“In eneral, epoxy stabilizers are derivatives of epoxidized soybean oil ESBO), linseed oil, and sunflower oil, most commonly found in food ackaging plastics [88,91,92,94].”
Background
Dioxin-related compounds in breast milk of women from Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites: Levels, toxic equivalents and relevance of non-dietary exposure
Tue, N. M., Katsura, K., Suzuki, G., Tuyến, L. H., Takasuga, T., Takahashi, S. I., Viet, P. H., & Tanabe, S. (2014) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.046 · Cited by 38
Plasticizers in Brazilian food-packaging materials acquired on the retail market
Freire, M. T. D. A., Santana, I. A., & Reyes, F. G. R. (2005) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030500241686 · Cited by 37
Industrial Plastics: Theory and Applications
Richardson, T. (1983) · Cited by 35
Modifying biodegradable plastics with additives based on condensed tannin esters
Grigsby, W. J., Bridson, J. H., & Schrade, C. (2014) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.41626 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“[82] reported that tannin esters exhibited potenial to be used as functional additives in biodegradable polymers nhancing the plastic’s UV stability [82].”
Background
Clarifying carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene
Huff, J. E., Chan, P. C., & Melnick, R. L. (2010) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.011 · Cited by 35
Plastics in the Environment
Gomiero, A. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.75849 · Cited by 34
Effects of partial miscibility on the structure and properties of novel high performance blends composed of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) and poly(phenylsulfone)
Nara, S., & Oyama, H. T. (2014) · Polymer Journal · doi:10.1038/pj.2014.21 · Cited by 33
Detection of phthalates migration from disposable tablewares to drinking water using hexafluoroisopropanol-induced catanionic surfactant coacervate extraction
Li, C., Xu, J. L., Chen, D., & Xiao, Y. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2016.04.002 · Cited by 33
Experimental and theoretical study of LDPE: Evaluation of different food simulants and temperatures
Galotto, M. J., Torres, A., Guarda, A., Moraga, N. O., & Romero, J. (2011) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.028 · Cited by 32
Styrene and Ethylbenzene Migration from Polystyrene into Dairy Products by Dynamic Purge‐and‐Trap Gas Chromatography
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See all 3,873

Authors: Hahladakis, J. N., Velis, C. A., Weber, R., Iacovidou, E., & Purnell, P.
Affiliations: University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author: Velis, Costas A.
ORCID: Velis, Costas A.
Weber, Roland
Iacovidou, Eleni
Purnell, Phil
Venue: Journal of Hazardous Materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-02
Volume: 344
Pages: 179-199
ISSN: 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014
OpenAlex: W2761590587
Cited by: 3,873
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 488 · 2025: 618 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 596 · 2022: 546 · 2021: 451 · 2020: 294 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 57
FWCI: 6.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council
National Eye Research Centre
Natural Environment Research Council
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Science and PVC
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Keywords: polymer additives, chemical migration, plastic waste management, plastic recycling, food contact materials, food packaging, environmental contamination, human exposure, environmental impact of plastics

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An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling

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