Applications and societal benefits of plastics
Open accessAbstract
This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed ‘plastics’. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years.
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The presence of additives and stabilizers in the polymer matrix modify the efficiency and rate of photooxidation.
“The presence of additives and stabilizers in the polymer matrix modify the efficiency and rate of photooxidation.42”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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Polat, C., Yağcılar, Ç., & Yardımcı, M. (2025) · International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences · doi:10.29132/ijpas.1811854
- Authors
- Andrady, A. L., & Neal, M. A.
- Affiliations
- RTI International (US)
- PlasticsEurope (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Neal, Mike A.
- ORCID
- Andrady, Anthony L.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2009-07-27
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 1526
- Pages
- 1977-1984
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2873019
- OpenAlex
- W2148991217
- Cited by
- 2,464
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 215 · 2025: 318 · 2024: 350 · 2023: 325 · 2022: 331 · 2021: 256 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Polymer Science and Applications
- Keywords
- plastics, history of plastics, commodity plastics, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymer additives, thermal properties, barrier properties, energy conservation, material conservation, littering, plastic recycling
- MeSH terms
- Bisphenol A Compounds, Antimony, Benzhydryl Compounds, Biopolymers, Conservation of Natural Resources, Consumer Product Safety, Environmental Pollutants, Manufactured Materials, Phenols, Phthalic Acids, Plastics, Product Packaging, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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