Non-metal roofing materials as potential sources of pollutants- laboratory leaching studies on various roofing materials
Open accessAbstract
Stormwater runoff from urban surfaces contains pollutants that harm the water quality of surface or groundwater bodies. While runoff quality from metal roofs has already been widely studied, the contribution of non-metal roofing materials to stormwater pollution is still unclear. A leaching test was conducted to determine the substance emission from non-metal roofing materials. Analyzing parameters in the leachate of eight leaching rounds at predefined time intervals allowed for determining area release rates and leaching mechanisms. The test was conducted with commonly used materials applied on inclined roofs: clay tiles, concrete tiles, fiber cement, bitumen shingles, wood shingles, and plastic roofing tiles. The scope of the analysis is based on substances repeatedly detected in stormwater: anions, cations, heavy metals, biocides, phthalates, PCBs, PFAS, PAHs, nonylphenols, and Bisphenol A. Several roofing materials released relevant amounts of hazardous substances impacting water quality. Clay tiles are a source of vanadium, manganese, and arsenic. Treated wood shingles release ammonium, boron, copper, and Bisphenol A. Fiber cement and concrete roofing tiles are a source of biocides. Bitumen shingles released Bisphenol A. Further research is recommended regarding leaching in long-term field experiments to evaluate the impact of real weather conditions and on developing treatment facilities. • Non-metal roofs are a source of environmental pollution with hazardous substances. • Concrete and fiber-cement roofing materials released biocides, mainly terbutryn. • Treated wood shingles released high concentrations of ammonium, boron, and copper. • All analyzed clay tiles are a source of vanadium, most of them of manganese and arsenic. • Diffusion is the main release mechanism for most of the substances.
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Additional sources of PFAS in urban stormwater include building materials, food packaging waste, laundry effluent, atmospheric deposition from incineration, and AFFF residues.
“Additional sources of PFAS in urban stormwater include building materials (e.g., sealants, adhesives, roofing materials) [53], food packaging waste in public litter streams [9], laundry effluent from washing PFAS-treated textiles [54], atmospheric deposition from nearby incineration facilities, and residues from historical uses of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) [55].”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Udvary, J., Schwerd, R., Johann, S., & Helmreich, B.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Helmreich, Brigitte
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-07
- Volume
- 491
- Pages
- 137972
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4408632663
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Federal Institute for Research on Building Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (10.08.18.7\u201323.15.2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
- Keywords
- stormwater pollution, leaching, clay tiles, concrete tiles, fiber cement, wood shingles, heavy metals, vanadium, manganese, arsenic, biocides, terbutryn, bisphenol A, phthalates, PFAS, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nonylphenol, urban runoff
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