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The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources

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Müller, Alexandra, Österlund, Heléne, Marsalek, Jiri, Viklander, Maria·2020·Science of The Total Environment
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
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Abstract

Urban stormwater and snowmelt pollution contributes significantly to the deterioration of surface waters quality in many locations. Consequently, the sources of such pollution have been studied for the past 50 years, with the vehicular transportation sector and the atmospheric deposition identified early as the major pollution sources. In search for mitigation of this pollution, source controls, besides other measures, were recognised as effective pollution mitigation tools, whose successful implementation requires a good knowledge of pollution sources. Even though great research efforts have been exerted to document specific sources of urban runoff pollution, or specific groups of pollutants present in urban runoff, a comprehensive overview of all known contributing sources is still missing. This review contributes to closing this gap by compiling findings of previous research and critically synthesizing the current knowledge of various stormwater pollution sources. As the emphasis is placed on the sources, the related issues of implications for urban surface water quality and possible source controls for individual sources are touched upon just briefly, where required. The review showed that the atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation-related activities and metallic building envelopes continue to be among the major pollution sources, which have been studied in a far greater detail than other sources. Furthermore, it was noted that because of the rapid advances in clean manufacturing and pollution control technologies, a large part of the body of data on stormwater quality available in the literature should be considered as historical data, which may no longer describe well the current conditions. Progressing historical data obsolescence, combined with continuing releases of new materials and chemicals, and, in some cases of new substances of potential concern, into the environment, suggests that the identification of important stormwater runoff/snowmelt pollution sources, and the associated pollutants, has been and will remain to be a work in progress.

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  • An increase in TSS during wet weather indicates stormwater runoff as the source.

    “suggesting that an increase in TSS during WW indicates stormwater runoff as the source.”

    From Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams (2025) · cites this paper as Müller et al., 2020

    Section 3.3.4 (page unavailable) describes stormwater transporting suspended solids and reports TSS in construction-site runoff. It does not establish that a rise in TSS specifically during wet weather identifies stormwater runoff as the source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Traffic areas are especially likely to emit a wide range of micropollutants into the runoff.

    “Among the various urban surfaces, traffic areas are especially likely to emit a wide range of micropollutants into the runoff.”

    From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Traffic area runoff micropollutants may originate from multiple sources including exhaust gases, abrasion of tires, brakes and other mechanical parts of vehicles, leakage of automotive fluids, leaching from exterior metallic or polymeric materials of vehicles, and erosion or leaching from pavement coating, road paints and urban furniture.

    “They may originate from multiple sources [3,4]: exhaust gases; abrasion of tires, brakes and other mechanical parts of vehicles; leakage of various automotive fluids; leaching from exterior metallic or polymeric materials of vehicles and erosion or leaching from pavement coating, road paints and urban furniture.”

    From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Tire abrasion (Zn, Cu, Cd) and brakes (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Cd) are major traffic-related sources of these metals, as well as engine and vehicle body wear (Cr, Ni).

    “The abrasion of tires (Zn, Cu and Cd) and brakes (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Sb and Cd) is a major traffic-related source of these metals, as well as engine and vehicle body wear (Cr and Ni) [4,23,24].”

    From Micropollutants in Urban Runoff from Traffic Areas: Target and Non-Target Screening on Four Contrasted Sites (2022) · cites this paper as [4]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Müller, A., Österlund, H., Marsalek, J., & Viklander, M.
Affiliations
Luleå University of Technology (SE)
Corresponding author
Müller, Alexandra
ORCID
Venue
Science of The Total Environment
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-03
Volume
709
Pages
136125
ISSN
0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125
OpenAlex
W2995951039
Cited by
891
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 143 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 38
FWCI
4.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • VINNOVA (2016 - 05176)
  • Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (942 \u2013 2016-73, 2016-73)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
urban stormwater pollution, urban runoff, pollution source identification, atmospheric deposition, source control, emerging contaminants

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