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BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update
Open accessAbstract
There have been major advances in the armamentarium for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since the last official update of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer prognosis and treatment strategy published in 2018. Whilst there have been advances in all areas, we will focus on those that have led to a change in strategy and we will discuss why, despite being encouraging, data for select interventions are still too immature for them to be incorporated into an evidence-based model for clinicians and researchers. Finally, we describe the critical insight and expert knowledge that are required to make clinical decisions for individual patients, considering all of the parameters that must be considered to deliver personalised clinical management.
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Citations
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Sato‐Espinoza, K., Valdivia-Herrera, M., Chotiprasidhi, P., & Ferrer, J. D. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i23.107100 · Cited by 24
“The BCLC system, originally developed for patients with chronic LD, particularly cirrhosis[87], was updated in 2022 to incorporate features more applicable to non-cirrhotic individuals[88].”
Jarrah, M., Arvind, A., Gopal, P., Deodhar, S., Yang, J. D., Parikh, N. D., & Singal, A. G. (2025) · Liver Cancer · doi:10.1159/000547895 · Cited by 23
Self-citationImproving surgical treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma
Malik, A. K., Geh, D., Evans, T. R. J., Chow, P. K. H., Mann, D. A., & White, S. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01143-y · Cited by 24
Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Relationship to Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Wang, Q., Tan, Y., Jiang, T., Wang, X., Li, Q., Li, Y., Dong, L., Liu, X., & Xu, G. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11071066 · Cited by 20
Muñoz, S., Sapena, V., Forner, A., Bruix, J., Sanduzzi‐Zamparelli, M., Ríos, J., Bouattour, M., El‐Kassas, M., Leal, C. R. G., Mocan, T., et al. (2022) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15320 · Cited by 19
Self-citationAdvances in Targeted Immunotherapy for Hepatobiliary Cancers
Ruff, S. M., Shannon, A. H., & Pawlik, T. M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232213961 · Cited by 21
Schmiderer, A., Zoller, H., Niederreiter, M., Effenberger, M., Oberhuber, G., Krendl, F. J., Oberhuber, R., Schneeberger, S., Tilg, H., & Djanani, A. M. (2023) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000529023 · Cited by 20
Role of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine
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“Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including sorafenib, lenvatinib and donafenib are still the first line drugs for advanced HCC, especially for those patients that could not benefit from atezolizumab plus bevacizumab treatment (Bruix et al., 2021; Reig et al., 2022).”
BackgroundGuo, B., Chen, Q., Liu, Z., Chen, X., & Zhu, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1098958 · Cited by 22
“Curative surgery is the ideal treatment protocol for patients with HCC (3, 4), and the choice of surgical indications for liver resection (LR) varies between regions based on different administrative medical evidence.”
BackgroundMethodOptimal treatment for small HCC (<3 cm): Resection, liver transplantation, or locoregional therapy?
Wu, X. J., Lokken, R. P., & Mehta, N. J. (2023) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100781 · Cited by 20
“Based on the LEGACY results, the most recent BCLC guidelines now suggest TARE as well as TACE as alternatives when ablation is not feasible.(13) In 2022, the RASER trial (single-centre, single-arm) investigated RS as a curative treatment for unresectable, single HCC <3 cm.”
MethodIntratumoral Immunotherapy: Is It Ready for Prime Time?
Ghosn, M., Tselikas, L., Champiat, S., Deschamps, F., Bonnet, B., Carre, É., Testan, M., Danlos, F., Farhane, S., Susini, S., et al. (2023) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-023-01422-4 · Cited by 19
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“Systemic treatment and locoregional ther‐ apy are the preferred options for intermediate‐advanced cases [3, 4].”
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“From these findings, we will propose that short-term lenvatinib prior to cTACE could become a standardized procedure in unresectable HCC.”
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Chen, P., Liao, Y.-Y., Cheng, Y., Wu, H., Wu, Y., & Huang, M. (2023) · Oncogenesis · doi:10.1038/s41389-023-00494-y · Cited by 20
“Thus, approximately 80% of patients with HCC do not undergo curative treatment [3].”
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“RW populations tend to have higher comorbidities, a worse performance status, and greater liver dysfunction than the well-selected patient populations in clinical trials [29–31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationApplication of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
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Thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma
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“44 A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing resection and RF ablation in patients with HCC within Milan criteria showed similar results in terms of 1-and 3-year survival rates.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYanagihara, T. K., Tepper, J. E., Moon, A. M., Barry, A. S., Mollà, M., Seong, J., Torres, F., Apisarnthanarax, S., Buckstein, M. H., Cardenes, H. R., et al. (2024) · Practical Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.prro.2023.08.016 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPrognostic Nutritional Index as a Prognostic Factor for Very Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Ho, C.-T., Tan, E. C., Lee, P., Chu, C., Huang, Y., Huo, T., Hou, M., Wu, J., & Su, C. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000678 · Cited by 25
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“Clinical guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the Barcelona Cancer Liver Clinic (BCLC) staging system recommend non-surgical therapies based on systemic or local treatment for such patients [5,6] .”
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Transarterial Chemoembolization and Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review
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Hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment and check point inhibitors-current status
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reig, M., Forner, A., Rimola, J., Ferrer-Fàbrega, J., Burrel, M., Garcia-Criado, Á., Kelley, R. K., Galle, P. R., Mazzaferro, V., Salem, R., Sangro, B., Singal, A. G., Vogel, A., Fuster, J., Ayuso, C., & Bruix, J.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (ES)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bruix, Jordi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 681-693
- ISSN
- 0168-8278 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8866082
- OpenAlex
- W3213277274
- Cited by
- 4,319
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 684 · 2025: 1071 · 2024: 1166 · 2023: 962 · 2022: 424
- FWCI
- 83.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (PI044031)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 R01 MD012565, PI18/00768)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (952103)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (AC16/00065, PI18/0358, PI15/00145, PI18/00542, PI19/00742, PI18/00768)
- European Association for the Study of the Liver
- Horizon 2020
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Renal cell carcinoma treatment
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging, outcome prediction, treatment guidelines, evidence-based clinical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Female, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Severity of Illness Index
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