The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Co-chaperone p23 Arrests the Hsp90 ATPase Cycle to Trap Client Proteins
Abstract
The action of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 is essential for the activation and assembly of an increasing number of client proteins. This function of Hsp90 has been proposed to be governed by conformational changes driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis. Association of co-chaperones and client proteins regulate the ATPase activity of Hsp90. Here, we have examined the inhibition of the ATPase activity of human Hsp90beta by one such co-chaperone, human p23. We demonstrate that human p23 interacts with Hsp90 in both the absence and presence of nucleotide with a higher affinity in the presence of the ATP analogue AMP-PNP. This is consistent with an analysis of the effect of p23 on the steady-state kinetics that revealed a mixed mechanism of inhibition. Mass spectrometry of the intact Hsp90.p23 complex determined the stoichiometry of binding to be one p23 to each subunit of the Hsp90 dimer. p23 was also shown to interact with a monomeric, truncated fragment of Hsp90, lacking the C-terminal homodimerisation domain, indicating dimerisation of Hsp90 is not a prerequisite for association with p23. Complex formation between Hsp90 and p23 increased the apparent affinity of Hsp90 for AMP-PNP and completely inhibited the ATPase activity. We propose a model where the role of p23 is to lock individual subunits of Hsp90 in an ATP-dependent conformational state that has a high affinity for client proteins.
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“because the cochaperone p23 binds directly to the ATP form of Hsp90, and this stabilizes Hsp90-client protein interactions (1, 14, 15).”
From FKBP51 Promotes Assembly of the Hsp90 Chaperone Complex and Regulates Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Through selective binding to the ATP form of Hsp90, p23 stabilizes the 'closed' state and promotes Hsp90 interactions with client proteins (14, 33).”
From FKBP51 Promotes Assembly of the Hsp90 Chaperone Complex and Regulates Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“a cochaperone known to stabilize Hsp90 binding to client proteins (14)”
From FKBP51 Promotes Assembly of the Hsp90 Chaperone Complex and Regulates Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
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Co-chaperone regulation of conformational switching in the Hsp90 ATPase cycle
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“In sharp contrast to human p23, Sba1 inhibits the ATPase activity of yeast Hsp90 only partially.(33,34) The level of sequence identity is 27% in the globular cores of human and yeast p23 compared to 64% identity for the respective Hsp90 homologues.”
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“Opposing a role in assisting the assembly process, p23 may alter the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors by affecting the dissociation rate of the receptor–DNA response element complex.(28) The molecular mechanism by which p23 acts as a co-chaperone for Hsp90 is unknown.”
BackgroundRichter, K., Walter, S., & Buchner, J. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.064 · Cited by 159 · cited 12×
“In sharp contrast to human p23, Sba1 inhibits the ATPase activity of yeast Hsp90 only partially.(33,34) The level of sequence identity is 27% in the globular cores of human and yeast p23 compared to 64% identity for the respective Hsp90 homologues.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCrystal Structure and Activity of Human p23, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Co-chaperone
Weaver, A. J., Sullivan, W. P., Felts, S. J., Owen, B. A. L., & Toft, D. O. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m003410200 · Cited by 136
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Sullivan, W. P., Owen, B. A. L., & Toft, D. O. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m207754200 · Cited by 111
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“This interaction allows p23 to regulate Hsp90 function by inhibiting its ATPase activity (McLaughlin et al. 2006); however, the exact role of this inhibition remains controversial.”
BackgroundRehn, A., & Büchner, J. (2014) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11731-7_6 · Cited by 31
Verkhivker, G. M., Dixit, A., Morra, G., & Colombo, G. (2009) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802609789895700 · Cited by 22
“p23/Sba1 activates ATPase by stabilizing the closed conformation of the lid [51-53].”
BackgroundNudCL2 is an Hsp90 cochaperone to regulate sister chromatid cohesion by stabilizing cohesin subunits
Yang, Y., Wang, W., Li, M., Gao, Y., Zhang, W., Huang, Y., Zhuo, W., Yan, X., Liu, W., Wang, F., et al. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2957-y · Cited by 26
Self-citationCharacterization of plant p23-like proteins for their co-chaperone activities
Zhang, Z., Sullivan, W., Felts, S. J., Prasad, B. D., Toft, D. O., & Krishna, P. (2010) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1007/s12192-010-0182-1 · Cited by 27
“This is achieved, in part, through interactions with several surfaces of the Hsp90 N terminus and regions beyond the charged domain (Chadli et al. 2000; Ali et al. 2006) and results in an inhibition of the ATPase activity of Hsp90 (Richter et al. 2004; Ali et al. 2006; McLaughlin et al. 2006 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialDual Roles for Yeast Sti1/Hop in Regulating the Hsp90 Chaperone Cycle
Reidy, M., Kumar, S., Anderson, D. E., & Masison, D. C. (2018) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301178 · Cited by 22
“2017), and Sba1 prolongs client interactions by binding an NTD-closed state of Hsp90 (McLaughlin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundDaturpalli, S., Knieß, R. A., Lee, C.-T., & Mayer, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.025 · Cited by 23
Reconstructing the Hsp90/Tau Machine
Jinwal, U. K., Koren, J., & Dickey, C. A. (2013) · Current Enzyme Inhibition · doi:10.2174/1573408011309010006 · Cited by 23
“The protein P23 is required for Hsp90 ATPase activity, and thus refolding activity [35].”
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“The observation is consistent with that reported for the human and yeast homologues [10, 11, 52], and it was suggested”
BackgroundResultA survey of the year 2006 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry
Okhrimenko, O., & Jelesarov, I. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Recognition · doi:10.1002/jmr.859 · Cited by 36
Cochaperones convey the energy of ATP hydrolysis for directional action of Hsp90
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“aggregation of denatured proteins (101, 102).”
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“Second, we investigate the in vitro effect of the inhibitors on the binding of two well characterized cochaperones, namely p23 ( McLaughlin et al., 2006 ) and Aha1 ( Li et al., 2013 ) using fluorescence anisotropy.”
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Mechanism of chaperone recruitment and retention on mitochondrial precursors
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“…that p23 is important for the efficient buffering of mitochondrial precursors by Hsp90 during mitochondrial import stress, presumably by slowing down the Hsp90 cycle (McLaughlin et al. , 2006; Noddings et al. , 2022) and effectively preventing the precursors from reaching their native folded state.”
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“It was first identified as component of the mature progesterone receptor complexes(2) and later predicted to act as a co‐ chaperone that provide stability to ATP‐bound form of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and thereby, stabilizing the Hsp90 interactions with steroid receptors.(3) Besides, it was reported to support H…”
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“After binding to Hsp90, p23 stabilizes the conformational state of Hsp90 by inhibition of ATP hydrolysis (McLaughlin et al. 2006).”
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“In vitro experiments indicated that the co-chaperone p23 only binds to Hsp90 in the ATPbound state and its interaction slows the ATP hydrolysis of Hsp90 (McLaughlin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMolecular Chaperones: Structure-Function Relationship and their Role in Protein Folding
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“The function of the Hsp90 dimer is affiliated to its binding apability and hydrolysis of ATP [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialChaperone Proteins Select and Maintain [PIN+] Prion Conformations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lancaster, D. L., Dobson, C. M., & Rachubinski, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.377564 · Cited by 16
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Cox, M. B., & Johnson, J. L. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_28 · Cited by 21
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“These co-chaperones assist Hsp90 by modulating its ATPase cycle and by facilitating its interactions with various client/substrate proteins [8-10].”
BackgroundThe evolution and diversification of the Hsp90 co-chaperone system
Engler, S., & Büchner, J. (2025) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2025-0112 · Cited by 12
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“Nature of the Interaction between p53(88-312) and p23(1-160)”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDetecting Posttranslational Modifications of Hsp90
Sager, R., Woodford, M. R., Neckers, L., & Mollapour, M. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_16 · Cited by 14
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Hsp90 sensitivity to ADP reveals hidden regulation mechanisms
Halpin, J., & Street, T. O. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.005 · Cited by 11
“For example, the cochaperone Aha1 activates Hsp90 [3, 4], whereas Hop and p23 inhibit the ATPase [5, 6].”
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“p23 acts as a cochaperone, stabilizing the ATP-bound form of Hsp90, thereby stabilizing Hsp90 interactions with steroid receptors (SR) (3) and assisting Hsp90 in increasing the hormone binding affinities of many SRs (4-6).”
Madon-Simon, M., Grad, I., Bayo, P., Pérez, P., & Picard, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180035 · Cited by 10
“Apart from being an important regulator of the Hsp90 chaperoning cycle [9,8], p23 has its own Hsp90-independent chaperone activity, which can prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteins in a folding-competent state [10–12].”
BackgroundHsp90 oligomerization process: How can p23 drive the chaperone machineries?
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Synchrotron radiation studies of non-crystalline systems
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Hsp90 Co-chaperones as Drug Targets in Cancer: Current Perspectives
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“1 p23 The co-chaperone p23 is a small acidic protein that binds the HSP90 NBD to stabilize the closed conformation of HSP90, inhibiting ATPase activity and preventing client protein release from the complex (Young, 2000; McLaughlin et al., 2006).”
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Detecting HSP90 Phosphorylation
Mollapour, M., & Neckers, L. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-295-3_5 · Cited by 9
Emerging Link between Tsc1 and FNIP Co-Chaperones of Hsp90 and Cancer
Backe, S. J., Sager, R., Meluni, K. A., Woodford, M. R., Bourboulia, D., & Mollapour, M. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12070928 · Cited by 9
Giannoulis, A., Feintuch, A., Unger, T., Amir, S., & Goldfarb, D. (2021) · Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03641 · Cited by 8
Pellegrin, S., Heesom, K., Satchwell, T., Hawley, B. R., Daniels, G., van den Akker, E., & Toye, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038356 · Cited by 8
Hsp90 and associates shaping parasite biology
Gahlawat, A., Bhattacharyya, S., & Bhattacharyya, M. (2025) · Msphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00329-25 · Cited by 7
“By slowing ATPase activity, p23 retains Hsp90 in an ATP-bound state, prolonging client protein interaction for activation (65).”
Astl, L., Stetz, G., & Verkhivker, G. M. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00380 · Cited by 8
HSP-90/kinase complexes are stabilized by the large PPIase FKB-6
Sima, S., Barkovits, K., Marcus, K., Schmauder, L., Hacker, S. M., Hellwig, N., Morgner, N., & Richter, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91667-5 · Cited by 5
Song, S., Kole, S., & Bernier, M. (2012) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/000113856 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with this notion is the fact that protein-protein interactions of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones are refractory to either the pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase function or expression of Hsp90 mutants lacking the C-terminal homodimerization domain (27,28).”
BackgroundMass spectrometric analysis of intact macromolecular chaperone complexes.
van Duijn, E., & Heck, A. (2006) · Drug Discovery Today : Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.008 · Cited by 5
Lepvrier, E., Thomas, D., & Garnier, C. (2018) · Current Protoemics · doi:10.2174/1570164615666180522095147 · Cited by 4
Progress in Molecular Chaperone Regulation of Heat Shock Protein 90 and Cancer
Rui, Z., Xiao-Yun, G., Xing-Chuang, X., Jiang, Y., Huang, Z., & Xiang, F. (2018) · Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61071-5 · Cited by 4
Lee, S. L., Dempsey‐Hibbert, N., Vimalachandran, D., Wardle, T. D., Sutton, P. A., & Williams, J. H. H. (2017) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1007/s12192-017-0774-0 · Cited by 6
“These results confirm that the function of HSPC1 inhibitor is mediated through its ability to degrade client proteins and support the findings published in the literature (McLaughlin et al. 2006; Okui et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2011).”
Whalen, K. M., & Freeman, B. (2026) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1016/j.cstres.2026.100190 · Cited by 3
Chen, F., Wang, W., Liu, W., Song, J., Chen, S., An, Y., Yin, H., & Guo, S. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14172770 · Cited by 3
“As a co-chaperone of HSP90, P23 stabilizes the conformational state of HSP90 through inhibiting ATP hydrolysis [46].”
Cha, J., Baek, D., Lee, K.-W., Cheong, M., Hong, S., & Son, D. (2018) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-018-2708-6 · Cited by 3
Verkhivker, G. M. (2014) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201300143 · Cited by 4
Gueguen-Chaignon, V., Chaptal, V., Larivière, L., Costa, N., Lopes, P., Moréra, S., & Nessler, S. (2008) · Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.21740 · Cited by 3
Chen, Y.-L., Huang, C., Wu, Y., Fan, X.-W., & Li, Y.-Z. (2025) · Food and Energy Security · doi:10.1002/fes3.70114 · Cited by 2
4.2 – Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Schermann, J. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452708-0.50006-x · Cited by 2
FRET Assays for the Identification of C. albicans HSP90-Sba1 and Human HSP90α-p23 Binding Inhibitors
Kohlmann, P., Krylov, S. N., Marchand, P., & Jose, J. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17040516 · Cited by 1
“For AMP-PNP binding to human HSP90 β at 25 For the human HSP90 β –p23 complex, a K d value of 39 ± 12 µ M of AMP-PNP binding is reported [34].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCastelli, M., Marchetti, F., Osuna, S., Oliveira, A. S., Mulholland, A., Serapian, S. A., & Colombo, G. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549022 · Cited by 1
Functional Protein Interactions in Steroid Receptor-Chaperone Complexes
Ratajczak, T., Rudi, K., Cluning, C., & Bryan, K. R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/38339 · Cited by 1
“p23 is an essential component involved in stabilizing mature steroid receptor-Hsp90 complexes and binds to the ATP-bound conformation of a Hsp90 dimer characterised by high affinity for client proteins (Ali et al. , 2006; Felts & Toft, 2003; McLaughlin et al. , 2006; Richter et al. , 2004).”
BackgroundEmergence and Characterization of the p23 Molecular Chaperone
Echtenkamp, F., & Freeman, B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1130-1_9 · Cited by 1
“state [40, 44].”
Structural analysis of de novo-designed binders targeting the closed state of HSP90
Srivastava, D., Singh, S., Boyd, K. K., & Artemyev, N. O. (2026) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2026.09.007
Structural analysis of de novo designed binders targeting the closed state of HSP90Preprint
Srivastava, D., Singh, S., Boyd, K. K., & Artemyev, N. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.03.729966
“These drugs bind Co-chaperone p23 preferentially binds and stabilizes closed HSP90 thereby extending client folding window and promoting maturation [20, 26, 28]. p23 is upregulated in multiple cancers and facilitates stabilization of oncogenic HSP90 clients [8, 11, 29, 30].”
Evolution of Hsp90 targeting: From stress biology to clinical translation
Zarguan, I., Belayachi, L., Benjouad, A., & Chadli, A. (2026) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1016/j.cstres.2026.100193
Taubert, M. C., Kühn, A., Baischew, A., Käseberg, Y., Betschinske, J., & Hausch, F. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658717
“This would keep the GR tethered to Hsp90, thereby prolonging the time for correct folding of the GR [6].”
The Hsp90 chaperone system from the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma bruceiPreprint
Jamabo, M., Bentley, S. J., Macucule-Tinga, P., Edkins, A. L., & Boshoff, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435448
Identification of cytosolic factors interacting with mitochondrial preproteins
Hoseini, H. (2016) · doi:10.15496/publikation-8945
“Other co-chaperones such as p23/Sba1 inhibit the Hsp90 ATPase activity by binding preferentially to its N-terminal domain in the closed, nucleotide-bound state (Ali et al., 2006, McLaughlin et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInvestigating Evolutionary Innovation in Yeast Heat Shock Protein 90
Cote-Hammarlof, P. A. (2020) · doi:10.13028/tns2-1515
“…conformational changes that allow Hsp90 to bind to partially folded clients, stabilizing specific folding intermediates that in turn allows clients to attain their full function (Figure 1.2) (Leach et al. 2012) (Lotz et al. 2003; Roe et al. 2004; McLaughlin et al. 2006; 36 Onuoha et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulation of protein homeostasis in acute and chronic stress
Wu, D. (2019) · doi:10.33612/diss.96277662
“The ATP-dependent Hsp90 machines, regulated by a multitude of co-factors (50, 51), and”
BackgroundLi, J. (2016) · doi:10.13028/m25c74
“In the ATP cycle, multiple co-chaperones individually or collectively affect functions of Hsp90 by organizing interactions between Hsp90 and other chaperones (HOP) [115], activating (Aha1) or inhibiting (Cdc37 and p23) ATP hydrolysis [116-118], and recruiting clients (Cdc37) [119].”
BackgroundWang, Y. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3zw19121
A Hsp90 és az adipogenezis kapcsolatának vizsgálata
Nguyễn, M. T. (2014) · Semmelweis University Repository (Semmelweis University) · doi:10.14753/se.2014.1971
“A p23 a kliens fehérjét úgy ejti csapdába, hogy csökkenti a Hsp90 konformációs hajlékonyságát, ami stimulálja az ATP-kötést és ezzel egy időben gátolja az ATPáz aktivitást (49).”
Analysis of the Conformational Dynamics of Hsp70 and Hsp90 Chaperones
Graf, C. (2008) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00008696
“18 cycle to trap client proteins (McLaughlin et al., 2006; Richter et al., 2004; Siligardi et al., 2002), while the partner protein Aha1 strongly stimulates the ATPase activity (Panaretou et al.”
Targeting Hsp90 Function to Treat Cancer: Much More to Be Learned
Whitesell, L. J., & McLellan, C. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6401-2_13
“An absolute requirement for cooperation between the ATPase activities of each monomer during the chaperoning of clients by human Hsp90, however, has been questioned (McLaughlin et al., 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, S. H., Sobott, F., Yao, Z.-P., Zhang, W., Nielsen, P. R., Grossmann, J. G., Laue, E. D., Robinson, C. V., & Jackson, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Daresbury Laboratory (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Stephen H.
- Jackson, Sophie E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 746-758
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070981149
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heat shock proteins research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- HSP90, p23, co-chaperones, ATPase activity, HSP90β, AMP-PNP, mixed-type inhibition, protein-protein interaction, ATP binding, chaperone mechanism
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate, Calorimetry, Chromatography, Gel, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Kinetics, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Thermodynamics, Molecular Chaperones, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Dimerization, Protein Subunits
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