The Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Recognition by the Human 14-3-3 Proteins
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Abstract
Abstract The coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) controls viral genome packaging and contains numerous phosphorylation sites located within unstructured regions. Binding of phosphorylated SARS-CoV N to the host 14-3-3 protein in the cytoplasm was reported to regulate nucleocytoplasmic N shuttling. All seven isoforms of the human 14-3-3 are abundantly present in tissues vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, where N can constitute up to ~1% of expressed proteins during infection. Although the association between 14-3-3 and SARS-CoV-2 N proteins can represent one of the key host-pathogen interactions, its molecular mechanism and the specific critical phosphosites are unknown. Here, we show that phosphorylated SARS-CoV-2 N protein (pN) dimers, reconstituted via bacterial co-expression with protein kinase A, directly associate, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, with the dimeric 14-3-3 protein, but not with its monomeric mutant. We demonstrate that pN is recognized by all seven human 14-3-3 isoforms with various efficiencies and deduce the apparent K D to selected isoforms, showing that these are in a low micromolar range. Serial truncations pinpointed a critical phosphorylation site to Ser197, which is conserved among related zoonotic coronaviruses and located within the functionally important, SR-rich region of N. The relatively tight 14-3-3/pN association can regulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and other functions of N via occlusion of the SR-rich region, while hijacking cellular pathways by 14-3-3 sequestration. As such, the assembly may represent a valuable target for therapeutic intervention. Highlights SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) binds to all seven human 14-3-3 isoforms. This association with 14-3-3 strictly depends on phosphorylation of N. The two proteins interact in 2:2 stoichiometry and with the Kd in a μM range. Affinity of interaction depends on the specific 14-3-3 isoform. Conserved Ser197-phosphopeptide of N is critical for the interaction.
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- Authors
- Tugaeva, K. V., Hawkins, D. E. D. P., Smith, J. L. R., Bayfield, O. W., Ker, D.-S., Sysoev, A. A., Klychnikov, O. I., Antson, A. A., & Sluchanko, N. N.
- Affiliations
- A N Bach Institute of Biochemistry (RU)
- University of York (GB)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Antson, Alfred A.
- Sluchanko, Nikolai N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 433
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 166875
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7863765
- OpenAlex
- W3128571690
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/R506412/1)
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russian Science Foundation (19-74-10031)
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
- Wellcome Trust (206377)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › 14-3-3 protein interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, 14-3-3 proteins, protein phosphorylation, host-pathogen interaction, protein-protein binding, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, protein kinase A, binding affinity, therapeutic target, zoonotic coronaviruses
- MeSH terms
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, Escherichia coli, Humans, Mutation, Phosphopeptides, Phosphoproteins, Phosphorylation, Phosphoserine, Protein Binding, RNA, Viral, Substrate Specificity, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Protein Isoforms, 14-3-3 Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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