Correlation of cytokine expression with rabies virus distribution in rabies encephalitis
Abstract
Rabies encephalitis is a significant health hazard, particularly in Asia. To understand the role of immune mechanisms and cytokines in rabies encephalitis, we performed a retrospective and prospective study on the autopsy material. Representative histopathological sections were studied and subjected to immunostaining for rabies virus antigen, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Immunohistochemistry for IL-1beta and TNF-alpha revealed expression of these cytokines in 96% of cases in microglial cells, macrophages and lymphocytes with a strong positive correlation between IL-1beta and TNF-alpha immunopositivity and degree of perivascular and parenchymal inflammation. In addition, expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha also correlated positively with each other. However there was no direct correlation of viral antigen load with grading of cytokine expression. These findings indicate that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha together may play an important role to coordinate the dramatic inflammatory response associated with the rabies-encephalopathy. They may serve as important targets for future therapy.
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Rabies virus-induced encephalitis results in elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased TNFα and IFN-γ have been causally linked to increased BBB permeability allowing strong influx of immune factors.
“It has been reported that rabies virus-induced encephalitis results in an elevation of different pro-inflammatory cytokines. Increased levels of TNFα and IFN-γ have been causally linked to increased BBB permeability which also allows the strong influx of immune factors [42,43].”
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“However, while TNFα plays a major role in attracting immune cells and thereby boosting inflammation that may lead to rabies-encephalitis, the direct impact of TNFα on BBB integrity remains controversial [43,54].”
Background
- Authors
- Solanki, A., Radotra, B. D., & Vasishta, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Solanki, Anjali
- Radotra, Bishan Dass
- Vasishta, Rakesh Kumar
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 217
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 85-89
- ISSN
- 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971379041
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Rabies epidemiology and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- rabies encephalitis, rabies virus, cytokine expression, IL-1β, TNF-α, neuroinflammation, microglia, macrophages, lymphocytes, immune response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, Viral, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Rabbits, Rabies virus, Retrospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Interferon-beta, Encephalitis, Viral, Young Adult
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