Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control

“The MFG has also been found to be involved in working memory and cognitive control (Abutalebi, 2008; Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Aron, 2007; Osaka, Komori, Morishita, & Osaka, 2007; Trumbo et al., 2016) and is part of a broader set of domain-general regions engaged for cognitively demanding tasks…”

“…may involve interactions between the limbic system (e.g., amygdala, medial temporal lobe) and the caudate nucleus, which has also been shown to be critically involved in inhibitory control during language switching in bilinguals (Crinion et al., 2006; Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Ali et al., 2010).”

“As a result of this research, there is agreement in assuming that the bilingual language control (bLC) system makes use of various processes of the domain-general executive control (EC) system (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“According to Abutalebi and Green, language production in bilinguals is a dynamic process involving cortical and subcortical structures that make use of inhibition to resolve lexical competition and to select the intended language (Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“…concerted attention in the past (Lieberman 2000), and there is increasing interest in basal ganglia language functions (Kotz et al. 2009) particularly with regard to multilingualism (e.g., Friederici 2006; Abutalebi and Green 2007, 2008; Abutalebi et al. 2012a; Wang et al. 2012; Zou et al. 2012).”

“, 2007) or to the left inferior parietal cortex (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Leischner, 1948).”

“…Green, Pouget & Schrater, 2012; Nahum & Bavelier, 2020); b) bilingual experience can increase executive function including attentional control, leading to brain changes also in the central executive network (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Bialystok, Craik & Luk, 2012; Li, Legault & Litcofsky, 2014).”

“One of the underlying reasons is that L2 processing involves competition between the L2 and the L1 that requires effortful inhibitory control to suppress L1 activation (Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“Deficient Executive and Switching Skills Explain Patterns of Language Impairments in Bilinguals with Dementia The languages of bilingual and multilingual speakers who are proficient in their languages are assumed to be processed by largely overlapping neural networks (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“Although studies have suggested that domain-general mechanisms are involved in both language and task switching (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007; de Bruin, Roelofs, Dijkstra, & FitzPatrick, 2014), others have shown that the two types of switching are also governed by their own, task-specific…”

“…are concurrently activated (e.g., Friesen & Jared, 2012; Marian & Spivey, 2003; see Kroll, Dussias, Bogulski, & Valdes-Kroff, 2012, for review), so bilinguals need to recruit attentional control processes to prevent interference from the unwanted language (Green, 1998; Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“Thus, much of the data have been interpreted as supporting either that the bilingual advantage is related to inhibitory control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Prior, 2012; Van Heuven et al., 2008) or that it is due to more efficient monitoring/goal maintenance processes (Colzato et al., 2008; Costa et…”

“Such a difference between low and high proficiency learners was even found when age of acquisition was controlled for (for more details, see Abutalebi and Green, 2007).”

“, Abutalebi et al. (2000)). Kriete et al. (2013) implemented a network model of their proposal and so established proof-in-principle of its viability.”

“Simultaneous interpretation studies have also highlighted the role of right-lateralized caudate activity (Hervais-Adelman et al., 2014, 2015) and morphology (Elmer et al., 2011), in line with studies using translation tasks (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Price et al., 1999).”

“There is considerable behavioral evidence that bilingualism has an impact on executive control mechanisms (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Bialystok et al., 2012).”

“For example, bilinguals use executive control processes to suppress interference from one language when using the other, and to switch between languages (Abutalebi & Green, 2007 ; Bartolotti & Marian, 2012 ; Blumenfeld & Marian, 2011; Prior & Gollan, 2011 ).”

“Beyond this controversy, our knowledge of what are the specific processes sustained by each brain area during language control is still limited (see Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Wang et al., 2009, for a discussion of this issue).”

“The patient presented a lesion in the basal ganglia, a component of the corticosubcortical network sustaining the inhibition of the nontarget language; this network includes the left precentral cortex, the anterior cingulate, the inferior parietal lobule, and the basal ganglia [39].”

“According to Abutalebi and Green (2007), functional neuroimaging studies investigating the aspects of cognitive control confirm that cognitive control emerges from the integration of separable neural systems (Botvinick, Nystrom, Fissell, Carter, & Cohen, 1999; MacDonald, Cohen, Stenger, & Carter,…”

“Our supposition is that processes involved in suppressing word interference (whether in monolingual or bilingual speakers) are specializations of those involved in the control of action in general (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Green & Price, 2001; Green, 1998).”

“Would L2 processing occur in the same brain areas as the L1 (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Chee, Tan, & Thiel, 1999)?”

“Evidence for this conclusion comes from language switching and nonverbal task-switching studies (see Abutalebi & Green, 2007, 2008; Luk, Green, Abutalebi, & Grady, 2012, for reviews).”

“The fluency with which bilinguals use each of their languages regardless of whether one or both languages are required, suggests that they have a highly developed mechanism of cognitive control (e.g., Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2012).”

“33, the authors identify task disengagement and engagement as separate independent control processes, and suggest that a more anterior part of the ACC may be involved in language disengagement, while a more posterior part may be recruited during language engagement (32, 34).”

“Imaging studies of bilingual language switching reveal activation in similar brain regions (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2012; Crinion et al., 2006; Hernandez, 2009; Hernandez et al., 2001; Hernandez et al., 2000; Hosoda et al., 2012; Rodriguez-Fornells et al., 2005; Wang et al.,…”

“Curiously, under blocked conditions where there is ample opportunity to recover from momentary inhibition, there is persistent inhibition of the L1, suggesting multiple components of inhibitory control that are engaged during speech planning (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Guo et al., 2012).”

“Subcortical structures like the caudate are also part of the domain-general cognitive control network (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Lehtonen et al., 2005; Niendam et al., 2012).”

“The main effect of Phase was not significant [F(1,41)=1.”

“For bilinguals, speech planning is subject to the parallel activation of the two languages (Kroll et al., 2006), creating many opportunities for cross-language interference, and increasing the potential for within-language interference (Abutalebi and Green, 2007).”

“In fact, there is some evidence that language control in bilingual speakers is associated with increased cognitive demands, particularly at lower proficiency levels of the L2 (Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“As summarized by Abutalebi and Green (2007), activation of the bilateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and supramarginal gyrus has been observed during language switching in bilinguals.”

“…(2012) speculated that a repression mechanism of lexico-semantic access may be underpinned by an interaction between the limbic system and the caudate nucleus, which is known to play a key role in bilingual language control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Ali, Green, Kherif, Devlin, & Price, 2010).”

“…proposals of language selection in bilingual individuals have been mostly focused on the lexical level (Costa, Miozzo, & Caramazza, 1999; Green, 1998a; Green & Abutalebi, 2013; La Heij, 2005; for in-depth reviews and discussion of their problems see: Kroll & Gollan, 2014; Runnqvist et al., 2014).”

“Although common regions are active for native and non-native languages, the functional demand on these regions is higher for bilingual speakers (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Parker Jones et al., 2012).”

“Studies have increasingly shown that individuals with multiple languages have a cognitive advantage, precisely because they have constant practice at contrasting competing input and languages, and blocking irrelevant information (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Thierry and Wu, 2007; Bialystok, 2009).”

“The adaptive control hypothesis of Abutalebi and Green (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Green and Abutalebi, 2013) is a particularly applicable way of looking at such observed differences in brain activation in early versus late bilinguals.”

“Importantly, this network overlapped substantially with the network known to underlie domain general executive control (Abutalebi and Green 2007), confirming the use of this general purpose system in managing attention to jointly activated languages.”

“, [28], [10]).”

“In contrast, according to the ‘dynamic’ view, the patterns of recovery so far observed in bilingual aphasics would arise because of compromise to the system of language control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Green, 1986, 1998; Green & Price, 2001; Paradis, 1998).”

“…representation and processing in the multilingual brain is beyond the scope of this paper (for reviews see Abutalebi, Cappa, & Perani, 2001; Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Paradis, 2004; Roberts, 2008; Vaid & Hull, 2002), yet assumptions concerning the dissociation between separate and shared…”

“Abutalebi (2008) and Abutalebi and Green (2007) reviewed a number of neurocognitive studies and suggested that a network of cortical and subcortical structures in the left hemisphere may be responsible for bilingual language monitoring and control.”

“This issue has also been the focus of recent fMRI studies that attempt to characterize the brain networks that enable control of bilingual speech (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007).”

“…individuals (Paradis, 1998, 2001, 2004; see also Fabbro, 1999) reflect the ease with which individuals can select and control language representations following damage to frontal-parietal-subcortical networks mediating language selection and control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Green & Price, 2001).”

“(For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) ery patterns [16].”

“The network observed during the production of L2 is fairly similar to the L1 network with the exception that larger activations were found in the language-associated regions and the involvement of the striatum was greatly increased (Abutalebi and Green, 2007).”

“…domain-general system is recruited for language control derives from neuroimaging evidence demonstrating an overlap in brain networks involved in language selection and nonverbal task switching (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; De Baene, Duyck, Brass & Carreiras, 2015; Luk, Green Abutalebi & Grady, 2012).”

“Two explanations have been proposed to account for the robust effects of slower bilingual lexical retrieval: the frequency-lag account (originally ‘weaker links’; Gollan et al., 2005, 2008, 2011) and the competition account (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Green, 1998; Kroll & Gollan, 2014).”

“The SMA, which is not specifically mentioned by Abutalebi and Green (2007) as involved in the cognitive control circuit is included in these analyses, as this area has been referenced in regard to reading in a less proficient language (Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006) and articulation and motor…”

“The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a part of language-control network which is specifically activated in bilingual language tasks [50]; and the temporal and occipital lobes process the visual and audio language stimuli.”

“Research on the neurocognitive mechanisms of bilingualism has flourished in the last decade (see Abutalebi, 2008; Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2013; Grosjean & Li, 2013; Li, 2013 for reviews).”

“Imaging studies have shown that both languages of proficient bilinguals engage the same brain regions (Abutalebi and Green, 2007), and this observation holds true for bilinguals who speak highly divergent languages such as Chinese and English (Chee et al.”

“Uniwersytet Jagielloński, on 14 Nov 2019 at 15:37:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at of executive control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Bialystok, 2005; Green, 1998), we expected bilinguals to be more effective than monolinguals in conflict resolution.”

“…inhibitory account is found in neurolinguistic studies with bilinguals, demonstrating control network activation during language switching (e.g., Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Green & Abutalebi, 2008), and in psycholinguistic data demonstrating, for example, slower processing for trials following a…”

“It has been well demonstrated that language switching in bilinguals requires language control processes, and more specifically that an active top-down inhibition mechanism should be applied to refrain interference from the irrelevant language (Abutalebi and Green 2007; Aparicio and Lavaur 2013; Chauncey et al. 2008; G…”

“The mechanisms of executive control responsible to resolve conflict in language tasks have been suggested to be similar to those engaged in other cognitive domains (for a review see Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Ye and Zhou, 2009). Bilinguals who frequently use both languages train conflict resolution constantly. Due to…”

“However, such plastic changes are often not restricted to single brain compartments, but rather affect a vast amount of cortical tissue (Zou et al., 2012; Bermudez et al., 2009; Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Gaser & Schlaug, 2003a, 2003b).”

“…and activation: 1 Proficiency > activation > automaticity Based on the body of work dedicated to the study of bilinguals’ inhibition and control (Abutalebi and Green 2007; Lim and Godfroid 2015; Segalowitz and Hulstijn 2005; inter alia), we propose that individuals with higher levels of…”

“This language control system is sustained by a set of left lateralized brain areas [8].”

“…on language production (e.g., Meuter and Allport, 1999; Jackson et al., 2001; Costa and Santesteban, 2004; La Heij, 2005; Finkbeiner et al., 2006; Abutalebi and Green, 2007, 2008; Gollan and Ferreira, 2009; Calabria et al., 2012; Linck et al., 2012; Filippi et al., 2014; Goldrick et al.,…”

“…of the unintended language (e.g. Green, 1998) vs. selection of the intended language (e.g. Costa, Santesteban, & Ivanova, 2006)], it has been argued that these mechanisms partially overlap, functionally and anatomically, with general cognitive control mechanisms (Abutalebi & Green, 2007, 2008).”

“Recent studies that have examined the neural basis of inhibition have provided support for this claim (e.g. Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2008).”

“…rules, as well as selecting, switching, and translating between native and foreign languages might lead to recruiting areas outside of the network for one's native language, such as bilateral prefrontal and parietal areas (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Li, Legault & Litcofsky, 2014; Luk & Green, 2011).”

“control, such as the cingulate gyrus and the striatum [50], and in crucial areas in dementia, such as the”

“As to the role of the dACC in bilingual language processing, it is proposed to initiate language production, and to monitor the conflict arising within and between languages (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Price, 2010).”

“…healthy bilinguals to use their two languages without confusion and in a highly linguistically principled manner (Abutalebi , Cappa, & Perani, 2001; Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2008; Christoffels, Firk, & Schiller, 2007; Crinion et al., 2006; Dehaene et al., 1997; Dijkstra & van…”

“A common assumption is that bilingual speakers use inhibition to suppress words in the nontarget language, either obligatorily (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Costa, Hernández, & Sebastián-Gallés, 2008; Green, 1998; Guo et al., 2011; Jackson et al., 2001;Misra et al., 2012) or optionally (Roelofs et al.,…”