Dual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals.
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that executive functioning benefits from bilingual experience. However, the nature of the mechanisms underlying this advantage remains to be clarified. Whereas some have put forward single process accounts to explain the superior performance of bilinguals relative to monolinguals in executive control tasks, recent findings have been interpreted by considering the dynamic combination of monitoring and inhibitory processes to overcome interference from distractor information. In the present study we explored this idea by comparing monolinguals and highly proficient bilinguals in the AX-CPT. This task requires individuals to adjust proactive (monitoring) and reactive (inhibition) control to achieve efficient performance. We also examined the extent to which a well-known index of inhibitory capacity, the stop-signal reaction time, predicts accuracy in the AX-CPT. Results showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in the experimental condition where higher requirement of proactive-reactive control adjustment was required. Interestingly, the inhibition index predicted errors in this condition only in the sample of bilinguals. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the cognitive benefits of bilingualism may require consideration of how bilinguals adjust different executive control mechanisms to cope with interference.
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Proactive and reactive control adjustment can be assessed by considering the proportion of errors in AY and BX type trials.
“Proactive and reactive control adjustment can be assessed by considering the proportion of errors in AY and BX type trials (Braver et al., 2009; Morales et al., 2013; Chiew and Braver, 2014).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Morales et al., 2013
Usually, because it is the most efficient strategy, young adults exhibit behavioral performance and brain activity (sustained lateral PFC activation) consistent with a predominant proactive control strategy.
“Usually, because it is the most efficient strategy, young adults exhibit behavioral performance and brain activity (sustained lateral PFC activation) consistent with a predominant proactive control strategy (Braver, 2012; Morales et al., 2013).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Morales et al., 2013
Previous studies have reported the malleability of cognitive control mechanisms engaged in the AX-CPT due to experience-based conditions such as bilingualism or different kinds of training interventions.
“Previous studies have already reported the malleability of cognitive control mechanisms engaged in the AX-CPT due to experience-based conditions such as bilingualism (Morales et al., 2013, 2015) or different kinds of training interventions”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Morales et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Morales, J., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Morales, Julia
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-06-27
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 531-546
- ISSN
- 2044-5911 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-592X
- OpenAlex
- W2055776553
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- bilingualism, executive function, cognitive control, bilingual advantage, proactive control, reactive control, inhibition, monitoring, distractor interference, AX-CPT, stop-signal reaction time
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